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kebele
A kebele ((アムハラ語:ቀበሌ), qäbäle, "neighbourhood") is the smallest administrative unit of Ethiopia similar to a ward, a neighbourhood or a localized and delimited group of people. It is part of a woreda, or district, itself usually part of a Zone, which in turn are grouped into one of the Regions based on ethno-linguistic communities (or ''kililoch'') that comprise the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.〔(''Population and Health in Developing Countries: Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites'' ). ISBN 0-88936-948-8〕 Each ''kebele'' consists of at least five hundred families, or the equivalent of 3,500 to 4,000 persons. There is at least one in every town with more than 2,000 population. A ''keftanya'', or representative, had jurisdiction over six to twelve ''kebeles''.
The ''kebele'', also referred to as a peasant association, was created by the Derg in 1975 to promote development and to manage land reform; they became a key element that the rival Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party and MEISON fought each other, and the ruling Derg, to control during the Ethiopian Red Terror. These armed members, formed into neighborhood defense squads, were responsible for many of the brutal excesses of the Red Terror.〔Edmond J. Keller, ''Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), pp. 234f〕 Upon the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front assuming power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991, it retained the peasant associations, or ''kebele''s, but exploited their function for providing services and transformed them into a useful method of control and repression. As Human Rights Watch noted, "''Kebele'' officials determine eligibility for food assistance, recommend referrals to secondary health care and schools, and help provide access to state-distributed resources such as seeds, fertilizers, credit, and other essential agricultural inputs. They also run the community social courts (''kebele''-level courts that deal with minor claims and disputes), local prisons, and, in some places, local militia that are used to maintain law and order."〔("One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure" ), p. 17. Human Rights Watch report, released 10 March 2010〕
== Notes ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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