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Kedah (; also known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or "Abode of Peace") is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km², and it consists of the mainland and Langkawi. The mainland has a relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, most of which are uninhabited. Kedah was called Kadaram (Tamil:காடாரம்) by ancient and medieval Tamil people and ''Syburi'' ((タイ語:ไทรบุรี); ) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.〔Cyril Skinner,The Civil War in Kelantan in 1839, Kuala Lumpur: Monographs of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, 1965.〕 To the north, Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand. It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest. The state's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani, and Kulim on the mainland, and Kuah on Langkawi. == History == Archaeological evidence found in Bujang Valley reveals that a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 A.D. The discovery of temples, jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and clay brick monuments dating back to 110 A.D shows that a maritime trading route with south Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since that time.〔(New interest in an older Lembah Bujang, 2010/07/25 ) 〕 The discoveries in Bujang Valley also made the ancient Kedah as the oldest civilisation of Southeast Asia. Reference to ancient Kedah was first mentioned in a Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the 2nd century A.D. It described goods from ''Kadaram'' "heaped together in the broad streets" of Chola capital. Other than ''Kadaram'', Kedah was known with different names at varying times in Indian literature; ''Kataha-Nagara'' (in Kaumudi Mahotsava drama), ''Anda-Kataha'' (in Agni Purana), ''Kataha-Dvipa'' (in Samarāiccakahā), and ''Kataha'' (in Kathasaritsagara). In the middle eastern literature, ancient Kedah was referred as ''Qilah'' by Ibn Khordadbeh in Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik, ''Kalah-Bar'' by Soleiman Siraf & Abu Zaid al Hassan in ''Silsilat-al-Tawarikh'' (travels in Asia), and ''Kalah'' by Abu-Dulaf Misa'r Ibn Muhalhil in ''Al-Risalah al-thaniyah''. The famous Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk, Yi Jing who visited Malay archipelago between 688-695, also mentioned about a kingdom known as ''Ka-Cha'' in the northern part of Malay peninsular, which according to him was 30 days sail from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribogha (Srivijaya). According to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the text further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in year 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Kedah was under the loose control of Srivijaya,. In 1025, the city was conquered by Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, who occupied it for some time.〔''A history of Malaya'', Richard Winstedt, Marican, 1962, p. 36〕 A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century.〔History of Asia by B.V. Rao p.211〕 During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Sri Vijaya province Kedah in the late 11th century.〔Singapore in Global History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng,Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40〕 It was later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, and by Aceh. In the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821,〔R. Bonney, ''Kedah 1771–1821: The Search for Security and Independence'' (1971), Ch. VII.〕 and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi. In 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Satun was combined into Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. In World War II, Kedah (along with Kelantan) was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah was a reluctant addition to the Federation of Malaya in 1948. Since 1958, the hereditary Sultan of Kedah has been Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah. The Kedah Sultanate began when the 9th Kedah Maharaja Derbar Raja AD) converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Mudzafar Shah I. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kedah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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