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Kinnot ((ヘブライ語:קינות); also kinnos, kinoth, qinot, qinoth; singular kinah or qinah) are dirges (sad poems) or elegies traditionally recited by Jews on Tisha B'Av to mourn the destruction of both the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem and other tragedies in Jewish history, including the Crusades and the Holocaust. The Kinnot are recited on the night of Tisha B'Av after reciting the Book of Lamentations, which was also called "Kinnot" in the Talmudic era (see, e.g., Bava Batra 14b) before it assumed its more familiar name of "Eichah." The term is also used for a dirge or lament especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women. ==Development of the Ashkenazic Kinnot== The oldest Kinnot were composed by Rabbi Elazar Hakalir, who lived in Kiryath-Sepher in the Land of Israel (See ). His time has been set at different dates, from the second century, to the tenth or eleventh century〔(KALLIR, ELEAZAR ) in the Jewish Virtual Library.〕 of the common era. Based on Saadiah's ''Sefer ha-galuy'', some place him in the 6th century. Older authorities consider him to have been a teacher of the Mishnah and identify him either with Eleazar b. 'Arak or with Eleazar b. Simeon.〔 Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography: *J. Derenbourg, in ''R. E. J.'' xii. 298; *P. F. Frankl, ''Fragment einer Kalir'schen Keroba'', reprint from ''Zunz Jubelschrift'', Berlin, 1884; *A. Harkavy, ''Leben und Werke Saadia Gaon's'', i. 109, Berlin, 1891; *''Israelitische Annalen'', i. 85, ii. 320; *Landshuth, ''Ammude ha-'Abodah'', i. 27-44, Berlin, 1877; *S. L. Rapoport, in ''Bikkure ha-'Ittim'', x. 95-123, xi. 92-102; *Steinschneider, ''Cat. Bodl.'' col. 913; *Zunz, ''(Literaturgesch. )'' pp. 29-64.〕 (See 〔 where he discusses whether he was the son of Rashbi or another Rabbi Shimon). His Kinnot resemble the structure and content of the Book of Lamentations. For example, one of his Kinnot begins each stanza with the word "Eichah", the opening word of Lamentations. He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic, similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations. The style deals primarily with the destruction of the Second Temple, similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the First Temple. The main impetus for creation of new Kinnot during the Middle Ages was the Crusades, in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities. The Kinnot deal with the then-current tragedy of the Crusades, no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past. The loss of the Torah and its scholars, instead of the loss of the Temple, occupies a central theme. Rabbi Judah Halevi completely changed the nature of the Kinnot with his compositions. There is no pain or despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past, but rather a longing for returning to Jerusalem in his poem, ''Tziyon Halo Tishali''. The Kinnot are arranged in modern printings approximately by the chronological order of their composition. Thus the reader experiences a developing feeling of deep sorrow building through the generations, combined with a yearning for the restoration of the Temple in the Messianic era. This is similar to the book of Lamentations, which waxes sorrowful with tales of woe, but ends on a note of optimism ("renew our days as of old", 5:21). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kinnot」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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