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A kippah, kippa, kipoh, or kipa ( ; (ヘブライ語:כִּפָּה) or ; plural: ''kippot'' or ; meaning "dome"), also known as a yarmulke ( or from (イディッシュ語:יאַרמולקע), from Polish ''jarmułka'', itself perhaps from Turkic), and sometimes called a ''koppel'' (Yiddish),〔 "(koppel )" (Also capel, coppel), Oxford English Dictionary, retrieved 27 January 2015 〕 is a brimless cap, usually made of cloth, worn by Jews to fulfil the customary requirement held by orthodox halachic authorities that the head be covered at all times. It is usually worn by men and, less frequently, by women (in Conservative and Reform communities) at times of prayer. In the United States of America, most synagogues and Jewish funeral services keep a ready supply of ''kipot'' for the temporary use of visitors who have not brought a kippah. == Jewish law == There is considerable debate among Halachic authorities as to whether or not wearing a kippah at all times is required. According to the Rambam, Jewish law dictates that a man is required to cover his head during prayer,〔Mishneh Torah, ''Ahavah'', ''Hilkhot Tefilah'' 5:5.〕 however, there is no mention that Jewish law dictates that a Jew is required to cover his head at all times. However, according to some authorities it has since taken on the force of law because it is an act of Kiddush Hashem (lit. "sanctification of the Name", referring to actions which bring honor to God).〔Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 2:6.〕 The 17th-century authority Rabbi David HaLevi Segal suggested that the reason was to distinguish Jews from their non-Jewish counterparts, especially while at prayer. Others, including the Taz (commentary to the Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi David Ben Shemuel Halevi, Poland, 1586–1667), held that nowadays wearing a kippah is required according to the strict Halacha.〔 Yet other halachic authorities like Sephardic poskim, the Chida (Rabbi David Yosef Azulai) hold that wearing a head covering is only a ''midat hasidut'', an additional measure of piety.〔 In a recent responsum, former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Ovadia Yosef rules that it should be worn to show affiliation with the religiously observant community. The Talmud states, "Cover your head in order that the fear of heaven may be upon you."〔Shabbat 156b.〕 Rabbi Hunah ben Joshua never walked 4 cubits (6.6 feet, or 2 meters) with his head uncovered. He explained: "Because the Divine Presence is always over my head."〔Kiddushin 31a.〕 This was understood by Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Shulchan Arukh as indicating that Jewish men should cover their heads and should not walk more than four cubits bareheaded.〔Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, 2:6.〕 Covering one's head, such as by wearing a kippah, is described as "honoring God".〔''Shaar HaTzion'', OC 2:6.〕 The ''Mishnah Berurah'' modifies this ruling, adding that the ''Achronim'' established it as a requirement to wear a head covering even when traversing less than four cubits,〔Ber Heitev, OC 2:6, note 4, who quotes the ''Bach'', ''Taz'' and the ''Magen Avraham''.〕 and even when one is standing still, indoors and outside.〔Mishnah Berurah 2:6, note 9, 10〕 ''Kitzur Shulchan Aruch'' cites a story from the Talmud (Shabbat 156b) about Rav Nachman bar Yitzchok who might have become a thief had his mother not saved him from this fate by insisting that he cover his head, which instilled in him the fear of God.〔KSA 3:6〕 In many communities, boys are encouraged to wear a ''kippah'' from a young age in order to ingrain the habit.〔Ber Heitev, OC 2:6, note 5〕 The Talmud also implies that unmarried men did not wear a kippah: Rabbi Hisda praised Rabbi Hamnuna before Rabbi Huna as a great man. He said to him, 'When he visits you, bring him to me. When he arrived, he saw that he wore no head-covering. 'Why do you not have head-covering?' he asked. 'Because I am not married,' was the reply. Thereupon, he (Huna ) turned his face away from him and said, 'See to it that you do not appear before me again before you are married.' (Kiddushin 29b ) The Tanach implies that covering one's head was a sign of mourning: ;2 Samuel 15:30: And David went up the ascent of the Mount of Olives, and wept as he went, and his head was covered and he walked barefoot. Then all the people who were with him each covered his head and went up weeping as they went. ;Jeremiah 14:3-4: (mourns, ) and their nobles send their lads for water: they come to the pits, and find no water; their vessels return empty; they are ashamed and confounded, and cover their heads. Because of the ground which is cracked, for there hath been no rain in the land, the plowmen are ashamed, they cover their heads. ;Esther 6:12: And Mordecai returned to the king's gate. But Haman hasted to his house, mourning and having his head covered. A proper head-dress in the Tanakh is an expression of joy and salvation as seen in Isaiah 61:3,10. The argument for the kipa has two sides. The Vilna Gaon says one can make a ''berakhah'' without a kippah, since wearing a kippah is only an ''midos chassidus'' ("exemplary attribute"). Recently, there has been an effort to suppress earlier sources that practiced this leniency, including erasing lenient responsa from newly published books. According to Rabbi Isaac Klein, a Conservative Jew ought to cover his head when in the synagogue, at prayer or sacred study, when engaging in a ritual act, and when eating.〔Klein, Isaac. ''A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice'', New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1979.〕 In the mid-19th century, Reformers led by Isaac Wise completely rejected the ''kippot'' after an altercation in which Rabbi Wise's kippah was knocked off his head.〔Scharfman, Rabbi Harold (1988). ''The First Rabbi''. Pangloss Press.〕 There is still great debate about whether or not wearing a Kippah is Halachic law or simply a custom. Many Sephardic Jews only wear a kippah when praying and eating but otherwise go without one. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kippah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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