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A kiss is the touch or pressing of one's lips against another person or an object. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely. Depending on the culture and context, a kiss can express sentiments of love, passion, romance, sexual attraction, sexual activity, sexual arousal, affection, respect, greeting, friendship, peace and good luck, among many others. In some situations a kiss is a ritual, formal or symbolic gesture indicating devotion, respect, or sacrament. The word came from Old English ''cyssan'' (“to kiss”), in turn from ''coss'' (“a kiss”). == History == Anthropologists are divided into two schools on the origins of kissing, one believing that it is instinctual and intuitive and the other that it evolved from what is known as ''kiss feeding'', a process used by mothers to feed their infants by passing chewed food to their babies' mouths.〔(The (Mostly) Blissful History of Kissing ), ''NPR'' February 11, 2007〕 Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist, physician and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology, supported this idea.〔Lombroso, Cesare. cited by Havelock Ellis, ''Sexual Selection in Man: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, iv. Philadelphia, (1905), pg. 218〕 The earliest reference to kissing-like behavior comes from the Vedas, Sanskrit scriptures that informed Hinduism, Buddhism and the Jain religion, around 3,500 years ago, according to Vaughn Bryant, an anthropologist at Texas A&M University who specializes in the history of the kiss.〔()〕 During the later Classical period, affectionate mouth-to-mouth kissing was first described in the Hindu epic, the “Mahabharata”.〔http://www.jstor.org/stable/592764?seq=1&__redirected〕 Academics who have studied it say kissing spread slowly to other parts of the world after Alexander the Great and his army conquered parts of Punjab in northern India in 326 B.C.〔http://liberalarts.tamu.edu/html/news--first-kiss-how-we-learned-to-lock-lips.html〕 Both lip and tongue kissing are mentioned in Sumerian poetry: Kissing is described in the surviving Ancient Egyptian love poetry from the New Kingdom, found on papyri excavated at Deir el-Medina: The earliest reference to kissing in the Old Testament is in Genesis 27:26, when Jacob deceives his father to obtain his blessing: A little later, we have the first man-woman kiss in the Bible in Genesis 31:11, when Jacob flees from Esau and comes to the house of his uncle Laban: Much later, there is the oft-quoted verse from the Song of Songs: The Romans helped to spread the habit to most of Europe and north Africa.〔Lorenzi, Rossella (Kissing's Long History: Discovery News ) Feb 14, 2013 08:30 AM ET, page 2〕 The Romans were passionate about kissing and talked about several types of kissing. Kissing the hand or cheek was called a ''osculum''. Kissing on the lips with mouth closed was called an ''basium'', which was used between relatives. A kiss of passion was called a ''suavium''.〔Jones, Terry "The Ancient World According to Terry Jones (Love and Sex)" (1998)〕 Kissing was not always an indication of ''eros'', or love, but also could show respect and rank as it was used in Medieval Europe. The study of kissing started some time in the nineteenth century and is called Philematology, which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield.〔("The science of kissing" ), ''CNN'', Feb. 14, 2012〕〔("Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" ), ''Medill Reports'', Feb. 14, 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 Philematology, which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield.("The science of kissing" ), ''CNN'', Feb. 14, 2012("Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" ), ''Medill Reports'', Feb. 14, 2009">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■Philematology, which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield.("The science of kissing" ), ''CNN'', Feb. 14, 2012("Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" ), ''Medill Reports'', Feb. 14, 2009">ウィキペディアで「A kiss is the touch or pressing of one's lips against another person or an object. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely. Depending on the culture and context, a kiss can express sentiments of love, passion, romance, sexual attraction, sexual activity, sexual arousal, affection, respect, greeting, friendship, peace and good luck, among many others. In some situations a kiss is a ritual, formal or symbolic gesture indicating devotion, respect, or sacrament. The word came from Old English ''cyssan'' (“to kiss”), in turn from ''coss'' (“a kiss”).== History ==Anthropologists are divided into two schools on the origins of kissing, one believing that it is instinctual and intuitive and the other that it evolved from what is known as ''kiss feeding'', a process used by mothers to feed their infants by passing chewed food to their babies' mouths.(The (Mostly) Blissful History of Kissing ), ''NPR'' February 11, 2007 Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist, physician and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology, supported this idea.Lombroso, Cesare. cited by Havelock Ellis, ''Sexual Selection in Man: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, iv. Philadelphia, (1905), pg. 218The earliest reference to kissing-like behavior comes from the Vedas, Sanskrit scriptures that informed Hinduism, Buddhism and the Jain religion, around 3,500 years ago, according to Vaughn Bryant, an anthropologist at Texas A&M University who specializes in the history of the kiss.()During the later Classical period, affectionate mouth-to-mouth kissing was first described in the Hindu epic, the “Mahabharata”.http://www.jstor.org/stable/592764?seq=1&__redirectedAcademics who have studied it say kissing spread slowly to other parts of the world after Alexander the Great and his army conquered parts of Punjab in northern India in 326 B.C.http://liberalarts.tamu.edu/html/news--first-kiss-how-we-learned-to-lock-lips.htmlBoth lip and tongue kissing are mentioned in Sumerian poetry:Kissing is described in the surviving Ancient Egyptian love poetry from the New Kingdom, found on papyri excavated at Deir el-Medina:The earliest reference to kissing in the Old Testament is in Genesis 27:26, when Jacob deceives his father to obtain his blessing:A little later, we have the first man-woman kiss in the Bible in Genesis 31:11, when Jacob flees from Esau and comes to the house of his uncle Laban:Much later, there is the oft-quoted verse from the Song of Songs:The Romans helped to spread the habit to most of Europe and north Africa.Lorenzi, Rossella (Kissing's Long History: Discovery News ) Feb 14, 2013 08:30 AM ET, page 2 The Romans were passionate about kissing and talked about several types of kissing. Kissing the hand or cheek was called a ''osculum''. Kissing on the lips with mouth closed was called an ''basium'', which was used between relatives. A kiss of passion was called a ''suavium''.Jones, Terry "The Ancient World According to Terry Jones (Love and Sex)" (1998)Kissing was not always an indication of ''eros'', or love, but also could show respect and rank as it was used in Medieval Europe.The study of kissing started some time in the nineteenth century and is called Philematology, which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso, Ernest Crawley, Charles Darwin, Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield.("The science of kissing" ), ''CNN'', Feb. 14, 2012("Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" ), ''Medill Reports'', Feb. 14, 2009」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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