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kittim
Kittim was a settlement in present-day Larnaca on the west coast of Cyprus, known in ancient times as Kition, or (in Latin) Citium. On this basis, the whole island became known as "Kittim" in Hebrew, including the Hebrew Bible. However the name seems to have been employed with some flexibility in Hebrew literature. It was often applied to all the Aegean islands and even to "the W() in general, but esp() the seafaring W()".〔''The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible'', Volume 2, 1975. Entry on 'Kittim'.〕 Flavius Josephus (c. 100 AD) records in his Antiquities of the Jews that
:Cethimus (of Javan ) possessed the island Cethima: it is now called Cyprus; and from that it is that all islands, and the greatest part of the sea-coasts, are named Cethim by the Hebrews: and one city there is in Cyprus that has been able to preserve its denomination; it has been called Citius by those who use the language of the Greeks, and has not, by the use of that dialect, escaped the name of Cethim.〔Josephus, Flavius. (''The Antiquities of the Jews'' 1.6.1. ) Translated by William Whiston.〕
The expression "isles of Kittim", found in the Book of Jeremiah 2:10 and Ezekiel 27:6, indicates that, some centuries prior to Josephus, this designation had already become a general descriptor for the Mediterranean islands.〔(''Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906.'' ) Entry on Cyprus.〕 Sometimes this designation was further extended to apply to Romans, Macedonians or Seleucid Greeks. The Septuagint translates the occurrence of "Kittim" in the Book of Daniel 11:30 as ῥωμαῖοι ("Romans"). 1 Maccabees 1:1 states that "Alexander the Great the Macedonian" had come from the "land of Kittim".〔''New Revised Standard Version'' with Apocrypha, 1989.〕 In the ''War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness'' from the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Kittim are referred to as being "of Asshur".〔Wise, Michael; Martin Abegg Jr.; Edward Cook. ''A New Translation of the Dead Sea Scrolls''. HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pg. 148.〕 Eleazar Sukenik argued that this reference to Asshur should be understood to refer to the Seleucid Empire which controlled the territory of the former Assyrian Empire at that time, but his son Yigael Yadin interpreted this phrase as a veiled reference to the Romans.〔Eshel, Hanan. (''The Kittim in the War Scroll and in the Pesharim'' ) Paper presented at the Fourth Orion International Symposium, January 27–31, 1999.〕
==Etymology==
Some authors have speculated that it comes from an Akkadian word meaning "invaders". Others (following Max Müller) have identified Kittim with the land of Hatti (Khatti), as the Hittite Empire was known.〔(''Encyclopedia Biblica, 1899 ). Entry on 'Kittim'.〕
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