|
A klismos (Greek: κλισμός) or klismos chair is a type of ancient Greek chair, familiar from depictions of ancient furniture on painted pottery and in bas-reliefs from the mid-fifth century BCE onwards. In epic, ''klismos'' signifies an armchair, but no specific description is given of its form; in ''Iliad'' xxiv, after Priam's appeal, Achilles rises from his ''thronos'', raises the elder man to his feet, goes out to prepare Hector's body for decent funeral and returns, to take his place on his ''klismos''.〔Discussed by R.M.Frazer, "The κλισμός of Achilles ''Iliad'' 24.596-98," ''GRBS'' 12 (1971:295-301); Frazer interprets the lines as not inconsistent; following ''xenia'', the Greek etiquette of hospitality, Achilles gives the ''thronos'' to Priam and takes the more modest ''klismos''.〕 A vase-painting of a satyr carrying a klismos chair on his shoulder shows how light such chairs were.〔Gisela M.A. Richter, ''Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans'' (New York:Phaidon Press) 1966; klismos chairs are illustrated figs. 169-97; 276, 510-14.〕 The curved, tapered legs of the klismos chair sweep forward and rearward, offering stability. The rear legs sweep continuously upward to support a wide concave backrest like a curved tablet, which supports the sitter's shoulders, or which may be low enough to lean an elbow on. The klismos fell from general favour during the Hellenistic period; nevertheless, the theatre of Dionysus at the foot of the Acropolis, Athens, of the first century CE, has carved representations of ''klismoi''.〔Noted by Wanscher, ''The Art of Furniture'' (1966), 16; one illustrated in Margarete Bieber, ''Die Denkmäler zum Theaterwesen im Altertum'' (1920), l, 4.〕 Where a klismos is represented in Roman portraits of seated individuals, the sculptures are copies of Greek works.〔For example and the seated portrait sculptures in the Capitoline Museums of a female (Wanscher 66-67) and a male (Wanscher 68-69), probably both after 4th-century BCE originals.〕 The fall of the klismos might be due to a design flaw, the legs of the chair are bending outwards and without any further support the legs will spread out and break when sat upon. The klismos was revived during the second, archaeological phase of European neoclassicism. Klismos chairs were first widely seen in Paris in the furniture made for the painter Jacques-Louis David by Georges Jacob in 1788, to be used as props in David's historical paintings, where the new sense of historicism required visual authenticity.〔The new studio furniture appears in David's ''The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons'', 1789.〕 It would be hard to find a French klismos chair earlier than the ones designed by the architect Jean-Jacques Lequeu in 1786 for a decor in the "Etruscan style" for the hôtel Montholon,〔Furnished for Mathieu de Montholon (1753-1788) ,''conseiller d'état'', the father of Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon.〕 boulevard Montmartre, and executed by Jacob; the furnishings have disappeared, but the watercolor designs are conserved in the Cabinet des Estampes.〔Madeleine Jarry and Pierre Devinoy, ''Le siège français'' (Fribourg: Office du Livre) 1973: 260 and fig. 56.〕 Simon Jervis has noted that Joseph Wright of Derby included the tablet of an approximation of a klismos chair in his ''Penelope Unraveling Her Web'', 1783-84 (J. Paul Getty Museum).〔Jervis, reviewing ''Herculaneum paa Sjoelland'' (), in ''The Burlington Magazine'' 133 no. 1058 (May 1991:329); ;''(Getty Guide: ''Penelope Unraveling Her Web'' )〕 In London, early klismos chairs were designed by Thomas Hope for his house in Duchess Street, London,〔One, purchased for the Fitzwilliam Museum, was illustrated in "Recent Acquisitions at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: Supplement to ''The Burlington Magazine'' 137 No. 1102 (January 1995:59-64) fig. xix, p. 64〕 which George Beaumont had described as early as 1804 as "more a ''Museum'' than anything else";〔David Watkin, introduction to ''Thomas Hope: Household Furniture and Interior Decoration'' (New York: Dover Reprints) 1971:xiii.〕 klismos chairs were illustrated by Hope in several variations in ''Household Furniture and Interior Decoration'' (1807), the record of his semi-public house-museum.〔A klismos chair also appears in his notebook of drawings, c. 1812, now at the RIBA (David Watkin and Jill Lever, "A Sketch-Book by Thomas Hope", ''Architectural History'' 23 (1980: 52-187) no. 42, p. 56.〕 Klismos chairs in their purest form furnished Hope's Picture Gallery (pl. II) and the Second Room containing Greek Vases (pl. IV), but the swept legs featured in variations on the classical theme illustrated in other plates. Henry Moses' illustration of genteel company playing cards seated on klismos chairs appeared in Hope's ''Designs of Modern Costume'' (c. 1812).〔Illustrated in Margaret Jourdain, ''Regency Furniture'', revised ed. 1965, p. 51, fig. 86. An English klismos chair of about 1807 illustrated by Jourdain (fig. 84) is painted "Etruscan" fashion, in terracotta red and black, in imitation of a painted Greek vase, a color scheme called "Etruscan", owing to misconceptions about Greek vases found in Italy.〕 By the presence of fashionable klismos chairs and a collection of Greek vases, a self-portrait of Adam Buck and his family, significantly, was formerly thought to represent Thomas Hope.〔The painting is reproduced as the dust cover of John Morley, ''Regency Design 1790-1840''(London: Zwemmer) 1993; reviewing the volume in ''The Burlington Magazine'' 135 No. 1085 (August 1993:568), Alex Kidson remarked of these iconic trappings representing high culture, "That the modest Buck could have been misidentified as a hugely rich connoisseur, patron and collector, is fascinating and a pointer to an enormous sociological change in the patterns of influence and patronage."〕 Klismos chairs were designed for Packington Hall, Warwickshire, by Joseph Bonomi.〔Klismos chairs in European neoclassicism are discussed in ''The Age of Neoclassicism'', exhibition catalog, 1972, under nos. 1592 (a klismos chair designed by the Danish architect Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard, c. 1800-09 (Museum of Decorative Arts, Copenhagen) and 1644.〕 In Philadelphia, the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed a set of klismos chairs for an interior in the most advanced neoclassical taste for William Waln's drawing-room, c. 1808.〔One, conserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (acc.no. 1994.189) is illustrated by Peter Kenny, in "North America 1700-1900" ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', New Series, 52.2, "Recent Acquisitions: A Selection 1993-1994" (Autumn 1994), p 54.〕 Latrobe's design, painted cream and red on a black background, the "Etruscan" color range,〔"I have resolved to decorate his drawing-room frieze," Latrobe wrote his decorative painter, "with Flaxman's Iliad or Odyssey in flat Etruscan colors, giving only outline on a rich ground" (quoted by Kenny 1994).〕 included a panel of caning beneath the tablet backrest and legs that splayed outwards to the sides as well as the front. For the White House, Latrobe's designs of 1809 for klismos chairs are cautiously reinforced with stretchers to render them more sturdy.〔The watercolor designs conserved by the Maryland Historical Society, are illustrated in Peter L. Fodera, Kenneth N. Needleman and John L. Vitagliano, "The Conservation of a Painted Baltimore Sidechair (ca. 1815) Attributed to John and Hugh Finlay", ''Journal of the American Institute for Conservation'' 36.3 (Autumn - Winter 1997:183-192) fig. 1 p. 184; the painted chair under conservation (fig. 4), attributed to the Finlay workshop of Baltimore, combines klismos-type stiles and outswept rear legs and curved tablet backrest with sturdy turned and tapered front legs.〕 A range of early 19th-century American klismos chairs were included in the exhibition "Classical Taste in America, 1800-1840", Baltimore Museum of Art, 1993.〔One was illustrated in Nadia Tscherny's review in ''The Burlington Magazine'' 135 No. 1087 (October 1993: fig. 51, p. 716.〕 Such severely academic revivals might be compromised by more familiar features of the chair-maker's usual practice: an early 19th-century klismos chair by J.E. Höglander, Stockholm〔Nordiska Museet, Stockholm; illustrated in Wanscher 1966:376-77.〕 has a padded backrest, supported on five slender colonettes,〔Colonnettes forming the rails of chairbacks had been a characteristic feature of Thomas Sheraton's ''The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing-Book'' Part III 1793; plates 32-34, 36, all dated 1792, and the ''Appendix'' 1794; plates 25, 28, dated 1793, and 49, dated 1794. (Dover reprint, 1992).〕 and the faces of the legs are lightly paneled. The classicizing phase of Modernism allied with Art Deco found the simple lines of the klismos once again in favor: klismos chairs designed by the Danish Edvard Thomspon were illustrated in ''Architekten'', 1922.〔Reproduced in Claire Selkurt, "New Classicism: Design of the 1920s in Denmark", ''The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts'', 4 (Spring, 1987:16-29) fig. 7 p. 25.〕 In 1960, T. H. Robsjohn-Gibbings met Greek cabinetmakers Susan and Eleftherios Saridis, and, together, they created the Klismos line of furniture, recreating ancient Greek furnishings with some accuracy, including klismos chairs. ==Construction== The long and elegant curve was quite difficult to create;〔()〕 and may have been carved from a single piece of wood,〔()〕 or by using mortise and tenon joints,〔()〕 or by bending by steam,〔()〕 or by training the wood. The seat was built of four wooden turned staves, morticed into the legs; a web of cording or leather strips supported a cushion or a pelt. The klismos was a specifically Greek invention, without detectable earlier inspiration.〔"This chair possesses a profound originality unusual in the history of furniture" (Ole Wanscher, ''The Art of Furniture: 5000 Years of Furniture and Interiors'', David Hohnen, tr.(York/London/Amsterdam: Reinhold ) 1966:15; klismos chairs are discussed pp 15-17, illus. pp 63-69; see also Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, ''et al.'', ''A History of Technology II: The Mediterranean Civilization and the Middle Ages'' (Oxford University Press) 1956:22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「klismos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|