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Kolkata , formerly Calcutta , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly river, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port and its sole major riverine port. , the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. , its gross domestic product (adjusted for purchasing power parity) was estimated to be 104 billion, which would be third highest among Indian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems. In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah retook Kolkata in 1756 after the Company started evading taxes and due to increasing militarisation of the fort. The East India Company retook it in the following year and in 1793 abolished Nizamat (local rule) and assumed full sovereignty. Under the Company rule and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of British-held territories in India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of economic stagnation. As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century Bengal Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically diverse centre of culture in Bengal and India, Kolkata has established local traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature that have gained wide audiences. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, and other areas. Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods (''paras'') and freestyle intellectual exchanges (''adda''). West Bengal's share of the Bengali film industry is based in the city, which also hosts venerable cultural institutions of national importance, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum and the National Library of India. Among professional scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football and other sports. ==Etymology== (詳細はKôlikata'' ((ベンガル語:কলিকাতা)) (), the name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British, in the area where the city eventually was to be established; the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur. There are several explanations about the etymology of this name: * The term ''Kolikata'' is thought to be a variation of ''Kalikkhetrô'' () ((ベンガル語:কালীক্ষেত্র)), meaning "Field of (goddess ) Kali". * Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term ''kilkila'' ((ベンガル語:কিলকিলা)), or "flat area". * The name may have its origin in the words ''khal'' () ((ベンガル語:খাল)) meaning "canal", followed by ''kaṭa'' () ((ベンガル語:কাটা)), which may mean "dug". * According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or ''koli chun'' () ((ベンガル語:কলি চুন)) and coir or ''kata'' () ((ベンガル語:কাতা)); hence, it was called ''Kolikata'' () ((ベンガル語:কলিকাতা)).〔 While the city's name has always been pronounced ''Kolkata'' () ((ベンガル語:কলকাতা)) or ''Kôlikata'' () ((ベンガル語:কলিকাতা)) in Bengali, the anglicised form ''Calcutta'' was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to ''Kolkata'' in order to match Bengali pronunciation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kolkata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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