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A kolkhoz (, (ウクライナ語:колгосп), ', Russian plural ''kolkhozy'', anglicized plural ''kolkhozes'') was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz (plural ''sovkhozy'' or ''sovkhozes''). These were the two components of the ''socialized farm sector'' that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis to individual or family farming. The 1920s were characterized by spontaneous emergence of collective farms, under influence of traveling propaganda workers. Initially a collective farm resembled an updated version of the traditional Russian “commune”, the generic “farming association” (''zemledel’cheskaya artel’''), the association for joint cultivation of land (TOZ), and finally the kolkhoz. This gradual shift to collective farming in the first 15 years after the October Revolution was turned into a ''"violent stampede"'' during the forced collectivization campaign that began in 1928. The word is a contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство (kollektivnoye khozyaystvo), suggesting collective ownership. On the other hand, sovkhoz is a contraction of советское хозяйство (sovetskoye khozyaystvo), suggesting state ownership. ==Kolkhoz as a pseudo-cooperative== As a collective farm, a ''kolkhoz'' was legally organized as a production cooperative. The Standard Charter of a kolkhoz, which since the early 1930s had the force of law in the USSR, is a model of cooperative principles in print. It speaks of the kolkhoz as a “form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of joint agricultural production based on ... collective labor.” It asserts that “the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy, and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning all aspects of internal life”.〔''Standard Kolkhoz Charter'', Agropromizdat, Moscow (1989), pp. 4,37 (Russian).〕 In practice, the collective farm that emerged after Stalin’s collectivization campaign did not have many characteristics of a true cooperative, except for nominal joint ownership of non-land assets by the members (the land in the Soviet Union was nationalized in 1917). Importantly, remuneration had always been in proportion to labor and not from residual profits, implying that members were treated as employees and not as owners. Even the basic principle of voluntary membership was violated by the process of forced collectivization; members did not retain a right of free exit, and those who managed to leave could not take their share of assets with them (neither in kind nor in cash-equivalent form). The role of the “sovereign” general assembly and the “democratically elected” management was in practice reduced to rubber-stamping the plans, targets, and decisions made by the district and provincial authorities. They imposed detailed work programs and nominated their preferred managerial candidates.〔V.I. Semchik , ''Cooperation and the Law'', Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1991) (Russian).〕〔E.V. Serova, ''Agricultural Cooperation in the USSR'', Agropromizdat, Moscow (1991) (Russian).〕 Since the mid-1930s, the kolkhozes had been in effect an offshoot of the state sector (although notionally they continued to be owned by their members). Nevertheless, in locations with particularly good land or if it happened to have capable management, some kolkhozes accumulated substantial sums of money in their bank accounts. Subsequently, numerous kolkhozes were formally nationalized by changing their status to ''sovkhozes''. The faint dividing lines between collective and state farms were obliterated almost totally in the late 1960s, when Khrushchev’s administration authorized a guaranteed wage to kolkhoz members, similarly to sovkhoz employees. Essentially, his administration recognized their status as hired hands rather than authentic cooperative members. The guaranteed wage provision was incorporated in the 1969 version of the Standard Charter. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kolkhoz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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