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In Judaism, the korban ((ヘブライ語:קָרְבָּן) ''qorbān''; also corban) is any of a variety of sacrificial offerings described and commanded in the Torah. The most common usages are animal sacrifice (''zevah'' זֶבַח), peace offering and ''olah'' "burnt offering." The Hebrew Bible narrates that God commanded the Israelites to offer offerings and sacrifices on various altars. The sacrifices were only to be offered by the hands of the Jewish priesthood, the priests. Before building the Temple in Jerusalem, when the children of Israel were in the desert, sacrifices were offered only in the Tabernacle. After building the First Temple sacrifices were allowed only in the Temple in Jerusalem. After the First Temple was destroyed sacrifices was resumed in the Second Temple period until it was also destroyed in 70 CE. After the destruction of the Second Temple sacrifices were prohibited because there was no longer a Temple, the only place allowed by Halakha for sacrifices. Offering of sacrifices was briefly reinstated during the Jewish-Roman Wars of the 2nd century AD and was continued in certain communities thereafter.〔http://www.jewfaq.org/qorbanot.htm〕〔http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2091/why-do-jews-no-longer-sacrifice-animals〕〔http://the-tabernacle-place.com/articles/what_is_the_tabernacle〕 The offering were often cooked and most of it eaten by the offerer, with parts given to the priests and small parts burned on the Temple mizbe'ah. Only in special cases were all of the offering given only to God, such as the case of the scapegoat.〔〔http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2203-azazel〕 A ''korban'' was a kosher animal sacrifice, such as a bull, sheep, goat, deer or a dove that underwent ''shechita'' (Jewish ritual slaughter). Sacrifices could also consist grain, meal, wine, or incense.〔〔http://jewsforjudaism.org/knowledge/articles/answers/jewish-polemics/texts/scriptural-studies/leviticus-1711/〕〔http://beithamikdash.org.il/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F〕 When sacrifices were offered in ancient times they were offered as a fulfillment of the 613 mitzvot. Modern religious Jews instead pray or offer ''tzedakah'' as a form of charity. The main day of repentance in Judaism is Yom Kippur, a time in which God judges each individual yearly. In ancient times the High Priest would have sacrificed the scapegoat.〔http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Yom_Kippur/In_the_Community/Prayer_Services/Torah_Reading_Morning.shtml〕 Today since there is no longer a temple chosen by God, or a High Priest, religious Jews fast and give tzedakah.〔http://www.jewfaq.org/holiday4.htm〕 Some, more common among Ashkenazi Jews, also perform kapparot as a form of tzedakah.〔https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/kapparot.html〕 The practice and nature of sacrifices in Judaism are based on the 613 commandments, Jewish theology and halakha. According to the Jewish perception the coming of the messiah will not remove the requirement to keep the 613 commandments. Most Orthodox Jews believe that animal sacrifice will be resumed once the third temple is built, others believe that prayer and tzedakah will suffice. ==Etymology== ;Noun ''qorban'' and verb ''qarab'' The Semitic root Q-R-B (Hebrew ) means "to be close to someone/something"; other words from the root include ''karov,'' "close", and ''kerovim,'' "relatives." The senses of root meaning "to offer" suggest that the act of offering brings one closer to the receiver of the offering (here, God). The same stem is found in Hebrew and for example in the Akkadian language noun ''aqribtu'' "act of offering." The Hebrew feminine noun ''qorban'' (plural ''qorbanot'' קָרְבֳּנוֹת) first occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Leviticus 1:2 and in all occurs 80 times in the Massoretic Text; of which 40 in Leviticus, 38 in Numbers and 2 in Ezekiel. The related form ''qurban'' appears only in Nehemiah 10:35 and 13:31 "wood offering." Traditionally the etymology is from the verb stem ''karab'' and indicates the purpose to bring man close to God.〔Solomon Schechter in ''Understanding rabbinic Judaism, from Talmudic to modern times'' ed. Jacob Neusner p229 "Hence the injunction to bring a Korban (sacrifice) even in this case; the effect of the Korban, as its etymology (Karab) indicates, is to bring man back to God, or rather to facilitate this approach."〕〔Judaism in biological perspective: biblical lore and Judaic practices Rick Goldberg - 2008 "The traditional etymology of korban is of a valuable object "brought near to God " (through the sacrificial act)."〕 The Hebrew noun ''korban'', in Classical Hebrew, is pronounced ''qarban'' in Sephardic Hebrew. The Hebrew word ''qorban'' passed as a loan word into Samaritan as ''qaraban'', into Syriac as ''qurbana'', and is documented in 〔Heinz-Josef Fabry, extensive entry ''qorban'' in ''Theological dictionary of the Old Testament'' ed. Helmer Ringgren. pages 152-158〕 The Septuagint generally translates the term in Greek as ''doron'', "gift", ''thusia'' "sacrifice", or ''prosfora'' "offering up". By the time of the Second Commonwealth in Jewish Hellenistic texts ''qorban'' had come to be specific to a vow. The New Testament preserves ''qorban'' once as a transliterated loan-word for a vow, once also a related noun ''korbanas'' "temple treasury", otherwise using ''doron'', ''thusia'', ''prosfora'' and other terms drawn from the Septuagint. Josephus also generally uses other words for "offering" but uses ''korban'' for the vow of the Nazirites (Antiquities of the Jews 4:73 / 4,4,4) and cites Theophrastus as having cited a ''korban'' vow among the Tyrians (Against Apion 1.167 / 1,22,4).〔S Zeitlin ''Korban'' The Jewish Quarterly Review, 1962 - JSTOR "Josephus, in Against Apion, who endeavored to ... Greek world was acquainted with the Judaeans, wrote that, "The laws of the Tyrians forbid men to swear foreign oaths, among which he () enumerates some others and particularly that called korban, which oath ..."〕 The word Korban is pronounced similarly in the Arabic language (Arabic ''Qurban'' قربان) and Mizrahi Hebrew, and also means a sacrifice offered to God. The word is used in Islam besides its use in Judaism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「korban」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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