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:''for the village in Bosnia see Kuge, Bosnia and Herzegovina'' The was a Japanese aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto.〔Louis-Frédéric. (2005). ("Kuge" ) in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 570.〕 The ''kuge'' were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th century until the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in the 12th century, at which point it was eclipsed by the daimyo. The ''kuge'' still provided a weak court around the Emperor until the Meiji Restoration, when they merged with the daimyo, regaining some of their status in the process, and formed the kazoku (peerage), which lasted until shortly after World War II (1947), when the Japanese peerage system was abolished. Though there is no longer an official status, members of the kuge families remain influential in Japanese society, government, and industry.〔Lebra, ''Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility''.〕 ==History== ''Kuge'' (from Middle Chinese ''kuwng-kæ'' 公家, literally "royal family") originally described the Emperor and his court. The meaning of the word changed over time to designate bureaucrats at the court. During the Heian period, the relative peace and stability provided freedom for the noble class to pursue cultural interests, and the kuge became leaders and benefactors of arts and culture in Japan.〔Lorraine Witt, ("Poetry and Processions: The Daily Life of the Kuge in the Heian Court" ), accessed 30/4/2012〕 Most of the Kuge resided in the capital city of Kyoto.〔John Whitney Hall, Jeffrey P. Mass, ("Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History" ) Stanford University Press, 1988, accessed 30/4/2012〕 Later, in the Kamakura period (1185-1333), ''kuge'' became an antonym to ''buke'' (warriors' house), that is, samurai who swore loyalty to the shogunate. At this point, ''kuge'' began to be used to describe those who worked in the Court; both aristocratic noblemen and commoners. Two classes formed the kuge: the noblemen who sat on the floor with the Emperor; and the who were unable to sit with the Emperor. Although kuge included those two classes, mainly this word described the dōjō, the noblemen. The highest offices at the court were called ''kugyō'' and eligibility was limited to members of dōjō kuge. During the Edo period there were about 130 families of dōjō kuge. The most prominent members of the ''kuge'' became ''sesshō or kampaku'', acting as imperial regents. These ''daijō-kan'' offices were restricted to members of the Fujiwara family. Though they lost most of their political power, they sustained the court culture and maintained a cultural influence. In particular, after the Sengoku period they lost most of their financial basis and were no longer in a position to act as patrons of culture, but they passed on their knowledge as masters of particular fields such as writing waka and playing instruments like the biwa, and they had disciples among the daimyo and sometimes rich commoners. As masters of a certain field, kuge gave their disciples many licenses certifying that the disciples had learned a certain field and allowed them to perform in public or sometimes to teach others. Disciples were expected to pay their master a fee for each issued license. During the Edo period, this was an important source of income for the ''kuge''. In 1869 during the Meiji restoration the ''kuge'' merged with the daimyo to form a single aristocratic group, the ''kazoku''. Others associated with the ''kuge'' included Buddhist priests, Kyoto cultural patrons, geisha, and actors. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kuge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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