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''Kumis'', also spelled ''kumiss'' or ''koumiss'' in English (or ''kumys'', see other transliterations and cognate words below under terminology and etymology) is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk. The drink remains important to the peoples of the Central Asian steppes, of Huno-Bulgar, Turkic and Mongol origin: Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Mongols, and Yakuts. ''Kumis'' is a dairy product similar to ''kefir'', but is produced from a liquid starter culture, in contrast to the solid ''kefir'' "grains". Because mare's milk contains more sugars than cow's or goat's milk, when fermented, ''kumis'' has a higher, though still mild, alcohol content compared to ''kefir''. Even in the areas of the world where ''kumis'' is popular today, mare's milk remains a very limited commodity. Industrial-scale production, therefore, generally uses cow's milk, which is richer in fat and protein, but lower in lactose than the milk from a horse. Before fermentation, the cow's milk is fortified in one of several ways. Sucrose may be added to allow a comparable fermentation. Another technique adds modified whey to better approximate the composition of mare's milk.〔Law p. 121.〕 ==Terminology and etymology== ''Kumis'' is also transliterated ''kumiss'', ''kumiz'', ''koumiss'', ''kymys'', ''kymyz'', ''kumisz'', ''kymyz'', or ''qymyz'' ((カザフ語:қымыз), (:qəˈməz); (トルコ語:kımız); (タタール語:кымыз); (キルギス語:кымыз), (:qɯˈmɯz); (バシキール語:ҡымыҙ) ''qımıź'' (:qɯmɯð); Yakut: кымыс; ''kymys''; Tuvan: ''хымыс''; (ウズベク語:qimiz), (:qɨmɨz)). The Russian word ((ロシア語:кумыс), (:kʊˈmɨs)), comes from the Turkic word ''qımız''.〔(Dictionary.com Unabridged - Kumiss entry )〕 The word ''kumis'' derives from the Syro-Aramaic ''khamets'' ('sour, fermented'), which is the same word as the Hebrew ''khametz'' חָמֵץ ("leavened"), evidently spread to Central Asia during the period of strong Nestorian-Aramaic cultural influence in the 8th and 9th centuries. Kurmann derives the word from the name of the Kumyks, one of many Turkic peoples, although this appears to be a purely speculative claim. In Mongolia, the drink is called ''airag'' ((モンゴル語:айраг) (:ˈai̯rəɡ)) 〔(Ayrag - Fermented Mare's Milk - Mongolian Beverage )〕 or, in some areas, ''tsegee''. William of Rubruck in his travels calls the drink ''cosmos'' and describes its preparation among the Mongols 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kumis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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