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The kuruc (also spelled kurutz;〔Schreiber, Thomas. 1974. ''Hungary.'' Geneva: Nagel, p. 45.〕〔Castellan, Georges. 1992. ''History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin.'' Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, pp. 170 ff.〕〔Dávid, Géza. 1997. ''Studies in demographic and administrative history of Ottoman Hungary.'' Istanbul: Isis Press, pp. 226 ff.〕 Hungarian: ''kurucok'' (''kuruc'' )) were the armed anti-Habsburg rebels in Royal Hungary between 1671 and 1711. The kuruc army was mostly made up of serfs, including Hungarian Protestant peasants,〔Sándor Bonkáló, The Rusyns, Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1990 p. 22〕but also many Slavs.〔Július Bartl, Slovak history: chronology & lexicon, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 257〕 == Name== According to Matthias Bel, an 18th-century scholar, the word was first used in 1514 for the armed peasants led by György Dózsa. Bel supposed that the word ''kuruc'' is derived from the Latin word "cruciatus" (crusader), ultimately from "crux" (cross); and Dózsa's followers were called "crusaders" because the peasant rebellion started as an official crusade against the Ottomans. Today etymologists do not accept Bel's theory and consider the word—emerging in the 1660s in the forms "kurus", "kuroc" or "kurudsch"—to be of unknown origin. Its original meaning was understood as rebel, partisan, dissident.〔István Tótfalusi ed., Magyar Etimológiai Nagyszótár (Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian)〕 In 1671 the name was used by Meni, the beglerbeg pasha of Eger in what is today Hungary, to denote the predominantly noble refugees from Royal Hungary. Afterwards the name became quickly popular and was used from 1671 to 1711 in texts written in Hungarian, Slovak and Turkish to denote the rebels of Royal Hungary and northern Transylvania, fighting against the Habsburgs and their policies. The rebels of the first kuruc uprising called themselves ''bújdosók'' (i.e. fugitives) or in official long form: "different fugitive orders—barons, nobles, cavalry and infantry soldiers—who fight for the material and spiritual liberty of the Hungarian motherland". The leader of the last of the kuruc rebellions, Francis II Rákóczi, also did not use this term. Contemporary sources often used the term "malcontents" to denote the rebels. The opposite term (widespread after 1678) was "labanc" (from the Hungarian word "lobonc", literally "long hair", referring to the wig worn by the Austrian soldiers), denoting Austrians and their loyalist supporters. According to the chronicle of Silahdar Fındıklılı Mehmed Ağa, a seventeenth-century Ottoman chronicler, the word Kuruc ("Kurs" as it was transliterated into Ottoman Turkish in the chronicle) was a Greek word and meant "polished," or "cilâlı" in Turkish.〔Silahdar Fındıklılı Mehmet Ağa, Silahdar Tarihi, Volume 1 (Istanbul, 1923), 743.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kuruc」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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