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labarum
The labarum ((ギリシア語:λάβαρον)) was a ''vexillum'' (military standard) that displayed the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧, a christogram formed from the first two Greek letters of the word "Christ" ((ギリシア語:ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ), or Χριστός) — ''Chi'' (χ) and ''Rho'' (ρ).〔In Unicode, the Chi-Rho symbol is encoded at U+2627 (☧), and for Coptic at U+2CE9 (⳩).〕 It was first used by the Roman emperor Constantine I. Since the vexillum consisted of a flag suspended from the crossbar of a cross, it was ideally suited to symbolize the crucifixion of Christ.
Ancient sources draw an unambiguous distinction between the two terms "labarum" and "Chi-Rho", even though later usage sometimes regards the two as synonyms. The name labarum was applied both to the original standard used by Constantine the Great and to the many standards produced in imitation of it in the Late Antique world, and subsequently.
==Etymology==
Beyond its derivation from Latin ''labarum'', the etymology of the word is unclear.〔H. Grégoire, "L'étymologie de 'Labarum'" ''Byzantion'' 4 (1929:477-82)〕 Some derive it from Latin /labāre/ 'to totter, to waver' (in the sense of the "waving" of a flag in the breeze) or ''laureum ()'' ("laurel standard").〔Kazhdan, p. 1167〕 According to the Real Academia Española, the related lábaro is also derived from Latin ''labărum'' but offers no further derivation from within Latin, as does the Oxford English Dictionary.〔Hoad, T. F. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' (repr. 1996) ISBN 0-19-283098-8〕 An origin as a loan into Latin from a Celtic language or Basque has also been postulated. There is a traditional Basque symbol called the lauburu; though the name is only attested from the 19th century onwards the motif occurs in engravings dating as early as the 2nd century AD.〔M. Camille Jullian in his preface to ''La tombe basque'', according to (Lauburu: La swástika rectilínea ) (Auñamendi Entziklopedia).〕
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