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latrocinium
''Latrocinium'' (from Latin ''latro'', "bandit", ultimately from Greek ''latron'', "pay" or "hire"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Larceny )〕) was a war not preceded by a formal declaration of war as understood in Roman law; thus guerrilla warfare conducted against Rome was a form of ''latrocinium''. It is typically translated into English as "banditry" or "brigandage", but in antiquity encompassed a wider range of subversive or anti-authoritarian actions, especially slave rebellions organized under charismatic leaders.〔Grunewald, ''Bandits in the Roman Empire'', pp. 10ff., 58, ''et passim''.〕 In designating acts of violence that have ideological motives instead of or in addition to material gain, the modern distinction between terrorism and war may be a more illuminating comparison for the 21st century.〔Michael Gaddis, ''There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire'' (University of California Press, 2005), pp. 20, 151.〕 The Greek term was ''leisteia''; Plato and Aristotle regarded banditry as a way of life, like fishing or hunting.
==Ecclesiastical councils as ''latrocinia''==
In ecclesiastical Latin, ''latrocinium'' was a term of abuse for ecumenical councils regarded as renegade or subversive of canon law, especially the "Robber Council" of Ephesus ''(Latrocinium Ephesinum)'' in 449.〔Gaddis, ''Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire,'' p. 75.〕 The third Council of Sirmium in 357, Council of Hieria in 754 and Synod of Pistoia in 1786 were each described by their opponents as a ''latrocinium''. Some also regarded the fourth Council of Constantinople (879-880) as a ''latrocinium''.〔John-Peter Pham, ''Heirs of the Fisherman : Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 296.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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