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licentiate
Licentiate is the title of a person who holds an academic degree known as a licence or a licentiate.〔http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/licentiate?region=uk&q=Licentiate Accessed September 16, 2012〕 The term derives from Latin ''licentia'', ''freedom'' (from Latin ''licere'', ''to allow''), which is applied in the phrases ''licentia docendi'' meaning ''permission to teach'' and ''licentia ad practicandum'' signifying someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. Many countries have degrees with this title, but they may represent different educational levels. In some universities it is a degree between that of bachelor and master or doctor; in some countries it is comparable to a doctorate of philosophy (PhD).
==History==
Originally, for the student in the medieval university the "licentia docendi" was of a somewhat different nature than the academic degrees of bachelor, master or doctor. The latter essentially indicated the rank of seniority in the various faculties (arts, theology, law, medicine), whereas the licentia was literally the license to teach. It was awarded not by the university but by the church, embodied in the chancellor of the diocese in which the university was located. The licentia would only be awarded however upon recommendation by the university, initially shortly before the candidate would be awarded the final degree of master or doctor, the requirements for which beyond having been awarded the licentia were only of a ceremonial nature.
Over time however, this distinction in nature between the licentia on the one hand and the bachelor, master and doctor degrees on the other began to fade. In the continental European universities the licentia became an academic degree between the bachelor's degree on the one hand and the master or doctor degree on other, in particular in the higher faculties. Moreover, the costs for obtaining the doctorate could be significant - including a grand feast for the entire faculty (Ref?). As a result, most students not intending on an academic career would forego the doctorate, and as a result the licentiate became the common final degree.
A notable exception to this development were the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the universities modelled after them. As their locations were not the seats of bishops, the granting of the licentia docendi happened by proxy, and its significance faded away.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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