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lidar
Lidar (also written LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR) is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging, the term lidar was actually created as a portmanteau of "light" and "radar".〔〔James Ring, "The Laser in Astronomy." p. 672–673, ''New Scientist'' Jun 20, 1963〕 Lidar is popularly used as a technology to make high-resolution maps, with applications in geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, remote sensing, atmospheric physics, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry, and contour mapping.
== History and etymology ==
Lidar originated in the early 1960s, shortly after the invention of the laser, and combined laser-focused imaging with radar's ability to calculate distances by measuring the time for a signal to return. Its first applications came in meteorology, where the National Center for Atmospheric Research used it to measure clouds. The general public became aware of the accuracy and usefulness of lidar systems in 1971 during the Apollo 15 mission, when astronauts used a laser altimeter to map the surface of the moon.
Although some sources treat the word "lidar" as an acronym,〔 the term originated as a portmanteau of "light" and "radar". The first published mention of lidar, in 1963, makes this clear: "Eventually the laser may provide an extremely sensitive detector of particular wavelengths from distant objects. Meanwhile, it is being used to study the moon by 'lidar' (light radar)..."〔 The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' supports this etymology.
The interpretation of "lidar" as an acronym ("LIDAR") came later, beginning in 1970,〔"New Artillery Against Smog: TV and Lidar" ''Popular Mechanics'', April 1970, p. 104.〕 based on the assumption that since the base term "radar" originally started as an acronym for "RAdio Detection And Ranging", "LIDAR" must stand for "LIght Detection And Ranging",〔NOAA, http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RESEARCH/RSD/main/lidar/lidar.shtml〕 or for "Laser Imaging, Detection and Ranging". Although the English language no longer treats "radar" as an acronym and printed texts universally present the word uncapitalized, the word "lidar" became capitalized as "LIDAR" in some publications beginning in the 1980s.〔Google Books search for "lidar", sorted by date of publication, http://books.google.com/〕 no consensus exists on capitalization, reflecting uncertainty about whether or not "lidar" is an acronym, and if it is an acronym, whether it should appear in lower case, like "radar". Various publications refer to lidar as "LIDAR", "LiDAR", "LIDaR", or "Lidar". The USGS uses both "LIDAR" and "lidar", sometimes in the same document;〔(USGS Center for LIDAR Information Coordination and Knowledge )〕 the ''New York Times'' uses both "lidar" and "Lidar".〔New York Times, search for "lidar", http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/#/lidar〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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