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lightering
Lightering (also called lighterage) is the process of transferring cargo between vessels of different sizes, usually between a barge and a bulker or oil tanker. Lightering is undertaken to reduce a vessel's draft in order to enter port facilities which cannot accept very large ocean-going vessels. Lightering can also refer to the use of a lighter barge for any form of short-distance transport, such as to bring railroad cars across a river.〔http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lighterage〕〔http://books.google.com/books?id=yE1Pyui4GpkC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false〕 In addition, lightering can refer to the process of removing oil or other hazardous chemicals from a compromised vessel to another vessel to prevent oil from spilling into the surrounding waters.〔U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service, 'What is lightering?', http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lightering.html〕
== History ==
Lightering was practiced for all types of cargo for centuries. The practice became more widespread with the 19th century introduction of steamships too large to enter some of ports they intended to serve, in which case lightering became necessary to reduce the vessels' draft sufficiently to enter the port. Dredging, advances in dock construction, and containerization have reduced the frequency of the practice in dry bulk shipping after the middle of the 20th century. However, the practice remains in common usage in the oil tanking industry ("wet" cargo trade).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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