|
Lilith ((ヘブライ語:לִילִית) ''Lîlîṯ'') is a Hebrew name for a figure in Jewish mythology, developed earliest in the Babylonian Talmud, who is generally thought to be in part derived from a historically far earlier class of female demons (''līlīṯu'') in Mesopotamian religion, found in cuneiform texts of Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia. Evidence in later Jewish materials is plentiful, but little information has been found relating to the original Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian view of these demons. The relevance of two sources previously used to connect the Jewish ''lilith'' to an Akkadian ''lilitu''—the Gilgamesh appendix and the Arslan Tash amulets—are now both disputed by recent scholarship.〔Freedman, David Noel, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, (New York: Doubleday) 1997, 1992. "Very little information has been found relating to the Akkadian and Babylonian view of these figures. Two sources of information previously used to define Lilith are both suspect."〕 The two problematic sources are discussed below.〔Kristen E. Kvam, Linda S. Schearing, Valarie H. Ziegler ''Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim readings on Genesis and gender'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. p174 "Other scholars, such as Lowell K. Handy, agree that Lilith is derived from Mesopotamian demons but argue against finding evidence of the Hebrew Lilith in many of the epigraphical and artifactual sources frequently cited as such (e.g., the Sumerian Gilgamesh fragment, the Sumerian incantation from Arshlan-Tash)."〕 The Hebrew term ''lilith'' or ''lilit'' (translated as "night creatures", "night monster", "night hag", or "screech owl") first occurs in Isaiah 34:14, either singular or plural according to variations in the earliest manuscripts, though in a list of animals. In the Dead Sea Scrolls ''Songs of the Sage'' the term first occurs in a list of monsters. In Jewish magical inscriptions on bowls and amulets from the 6th century BC onwards, Lilith is identified as a female demon and the first visual depictions appear. In Jewish folklore, from ''Alphabet of Ben Sira'' onwards, Lilith becomes Adam's first wife, who was created at the same time (Rosh Hashanah) and from the same earth as Adam. This contrasts with Eve, who was created from one of Adam's ribs. The legend was greatly developed during the Middle Ages, in the tradition of Aggadic midrashim, the Zohar, and Jewish mysticism.〔''Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism'', by Howard Schwartz, page 218〕 For example, in the 13th century writings of Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob ha-Cohen, Lilith left Adam after she refused to become subservient to him and then would not return to the Garden of Eden after she coupled with the archangel Samael.〔''(Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim readings on Genesis and gender )'' by Kristen E. Kvam, Linda S. Schearing, Valarie H. Ziegler, pp 220–221, Indiana University Press, 1999〕 The resulting Lilith legend is still commonly used as source material in modern Western culture, literature, occultism, fantasy, and horror. ==Etymology== The semitic root L-Y-L served as derivative for the Hebrew ''layil'' and Arabic ''layl'', meaning "night". The Talmudic and Yiddish use of ''Lilith'' cognates with the Hebrew. In the Akkadian language of Assyria and Babylonia the terms ''lili'' and ''līlītu'' mean spirits. Some uses of ''līlītu'' are listed in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD, 1956, L.190), in Wolfram von Soden's ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'' (AHw, p. 553), and ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie'' (RLA, p. 47).〔Erich Ebeling, Bruno Meissner, Dietz Otto Edzard ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie'' Volume 9 p47,50〕 The Sumerian she-demons ''lili'' have no etymologic relation to Akkadian ''lilu'', "evening."〔Michael C. Astour ''Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean. Greece'' 1965 Brill p138〕 Archibald Sayce (1882)〔Sayce (1887) 〕 considered that Hebrew ''lilit'' (or ''lilith'') (ヘブライ語:לילית); and the earlier Akkadian: ''līlītu'' are from proto-Semitic. Charles Fossey (1902)〔Fossey (1902) 〕 has this literally translating to "female night being/demon," although cuneiform inscriptions from Mesopotamia exist where ''Līlīt'' and ''Līlītu'' refers to disease-bearing wind spirits. Another possibility is association not with "night," but with "wind," thus identifying the Akkadian ''Lil-itu'' as a loan from the Sumerian ''lil,'' "air" — specifically from ''Ninlil,'' "lady air," goddess of the south wind (and wife of Enlil) — and ''itud,'' "moon". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「lilith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|