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Lindane, also known as ''gamma''-hexachlorocyclohexane, (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin and sometimes incorrectly called benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine chemical variant of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies.〔(Drugs.com Professional Drug Information: Lindane ). Retrieved 2009-05-10〕〔Commission for Environmental Cooperation. The North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) on Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Isomers. 2005. Available at: http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/Lindane-NARAP-Public-Comment_en.pdf.〕 Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. In humans, lindane affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen.〔Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Toxicologic profile for alpha-, beta, gamma- and delta-hexachlorocyclohenxane. August 2005. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.pdf〕〔(Lindane Voluntary Cancellation and RED Addendum Fact Sheet ), US EPA, July name 2006.〕 It is unclear whether lindane is an endocrine disruptor.〔International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Summaries & Evaluations: HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANES (Group 2B). Updated March 2, 1998. http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/hexachlorocyclohexanes.html〕〔U.S. EPA. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Lindane, PC. Code: 009001. 2001. http://www.lindane.com/pdf/EPA_Cancer_Assessment_of_Lindane2001.pdf〕〔World Health Organization (WHO). Lindane in Drinking Water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 2004.〕 The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent.〔World Health Organization, (''The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard'' ), 2005.〕 In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. A specific exemption to that ban allows it to continue to be used as a second-line pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies.〔Eliane Engeler, "UN: Treaty expanded by 9 more dangerous chemicals", Associated Press 2009-05-09〕 ==History and use== The chemical was originally synthesised in 1825 by Faraday. It is named after the Dutch chemist Teunis van der Linden (1884–1965), the first to isolate and describe γ-Hexachlorcyclohexane in 1912. Its pesticidal action was discovered only in 1942, after which lindane production, by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI), and use started up in the United Kingdom. It has been used to treat food crops and to forestry products, as a seed treatment, a soil treatment, and to treat livestock and pets. It has also been used as pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies, formulated as a shampoo or lotion.〔Commission for Environmental Cooperation. North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) on lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. November 30, 2006. http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POLLUTANTS/LindaneNARAP-Nov06_en.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants )〕〔U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED). 2002. http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0202-0027〕 It is estimated that between 1950 and 2000, around 600,000 tonnes of lindane were produced globally, and the vast majority of which was used in agriculture. It has been manufactured by several countries, including the United States, China, Brazil, and several European countries, but as of 2007 only India and possibly Russia are still producing it.〔 By November 2006, the use of lindane had been banned in 52 countries and restricted in 33 others. Seventeen countries, including the US and Canada, allowed either limited agricultural or pharmaceutical use.〔 In 2009, an international ban on the use of lindane in agriculture was implemented under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. A specific exemption allows for it to continue to be used in second-line treatments for the head lice and scabies for five more years. The production of the lindane isomers α- and β-hexachlorocyclohexane was also banned.〔Report of the Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Fourth meeting, Geneva, 4–8 May 2009. (http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/Repository/COP4/UNEP-POPS-COP.4-38.English.pdf ).〕 Although the US has not ratified the Convention, it has similarly banned agricultural uses while still allowing its use a second-line lice and scabies treatment.〔〔〔Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc/chemreview.htm〕〔Pesticide Action Network map of Lindane bans and restrictions http://www.panna.org/campaigns/docsLindane/lindaneBannedMap.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「lindane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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