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loanword
A loanword (or loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or ''loan translation'', where a ''meaning'' or ''idiom'' from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language.
Examples of loanwords in English include café (from French ''café'' ‘coffee’), bazaar (from Persian ''bāzār'' ‘market’), and kindergarten (from German ''Kindergarten'' ‘children’s garden’). The word ''loanword'' is itself a calque of the German term ''Lehnwort'', while the term ''calque'' is a loanword from French.
Loans of several-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term ''déjà vu'', are known as ''adoptions'', ''adaptations'', or ''lexical borrowing''.〔Chesley, Paula and R. Harald Baayen. 2010. ''Predicting new words from newer words: Lexical borrowings in French. Linguistics'' 48:4, pp. 1343-1374〕〔Thomason, Sarah G., ''Language Contact: An Introduction''. Georgetown University Press: Washington, 2001.69. Print.〕 Strictly speaking, the term ''loanword'', although it is traditional, conflicts with the ordinary meaning of ''loaning'' since something is taken from but nothing is returned to the donor languages.〔 "Linguistic 'borrowing' is really nothing but imitation." Shakespeare, however, anticipates this situation in ''Hamlet,'' Act I, scene 3: ''Neither a borrower nor a lender be ..."〕
==Origins==
Donor language terms frequently enter a recipient language as a technical term in connection with exposure to foreign culture. The specific reference point may be to the foreign culture itself or to a field of activity in which the foreign culture has a dominant role.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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