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longtang
A longtang (弄堂 ''lòngtáng'', Shanghainese: ''longdang'') is a lane in Shanghai and, by extension, a community centred on a lanes or several interconnected lanes.〔Frommer's Shanghai Day By Day - Page 162 Graham Bond - 2011 1912 "1917 China's first shopping mall, the Sincere Department Store, Lilong, or Longtang Li means “neighborhood,” and long means “alley.”"〕 It is sometimes called lilong (里弄); the latter name incorporates the ''-li'' suffix often used in the name of residential developments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Shanghai longdang is loosely equivalent to the hutong of Beijing. As with the term hutong, the Shanghai longdang can either refers to the lanes that the houses face onto, or a group of houses connected by the lane.〔Walking between slums and skyscrapers: illusions of open space in ... - Page 160 Tsung-yi Michelle Huang - 2004 "Shanghainese call lilong, their characteristic residential design, as longtang. "Long" means alley or lane and "tang" parlor or hall. "All houses are facing the lanes and lanes become the public space used by all residents. Enclosed, the whole ...〕〔Postsocialism and Cultural Politics: China in the Last Decade of ... - Page 196 Xudong Zhang - 2008 "As long means a lane and tang the front room of a house, longtang either refers to a lane that connects houses or a group of houses connected by lanes. Longtang however might not be so explicit as lilong for the li in lilong means ..."〕〔Narrating Architecture: A Retrospective Anthology Page 474 James Madge, Andrew Peckham - 2006 "Four sketches by Feng Zikai of Shanghai's alley life: clockwise from top left: lowering a basket down to the alley to purchase ... these activities were certainly not considered in the original design of the lilong, but were gradually introduced in the practice of everyday life within the community. A local writer, Shen Shanzeng, has named this special way of living as 'life in the alley' (long-tang ren-sheng)."〕〔Cities Surround The Countryside: Urban Aesthetics in Postsocialist ... - Page 320 Robin Visser - 2010 "Chunlan Zhao refers to the generalization that Shanghai without its longtang is no longer Shanghai, in ''From ... archway; li means neighborhood; long ... means alley. ... The earliest lilong compound resembled the lifang residential ward in imperial capitals, but instead of being enclosed by ..."〕
A large variety of housing styles are called "''lilong'' residences" in Shanghai. Of these, the best known and most characteristic is the ''shikumen'' (石库门), two- or three-storey terrace houses with a wall and large gate in front of each dwelling. Other types include the more modern "new style ''lilong''" (新式里弄); the simplified "Cantonese style ''lilong''" (广式里弄); the high-end villa-like "garden ''lilong''" (花园里弄); and the higher density "apartment ''lilong''" (公寓里弄).
==Governance==
In the mid-20th century, after the establishment of Communist rule in Shanghai, a system of "neighbourhood committees" were set up as the lowest level of self-governing administrative organs in urban areas. From 1960 to 1968, in Shanghai these were replaced with "''lilong'' committees" (里弄委员会, often abbreviated to 里委会, ''liweihui''), which had slightly larger jurisdictions than previous neighbourhood committees. ''Lilong'' committees acted as liaison between residents and the next level of administrative government (the sub-district), but also had various administrative powers in relation to public security and internal security, education, social welfare, employment, industry, health and mediation. In 1963, the Communist Party's Shanghai committee held a conference on the work of sub-districts, and the Shanghai People's Committee (the municipal government at the time) issued the ''Regulations for the Work of ''Lilong'' Committees in the Shanghai Municipality''), which emphasizes that sub-districts and ''lilong''s are "the frontier posts for class struggle, the home front of production, places of living, and important battle positions for the struggle to foster the proletariat and destroy the bourgeoisie".
In 1968, ''lilong'' committees were renamed "''lilong'' revolutionary committees" (里弄革命委员会, abbreviated to 里革会, ''ligehui''). In 1978 ''lilong'' revolutionary committees were abolished, the smaller neighbourhood committees (or "residents' committees", 居民委员会, abbreviated to 居委会, ''juweihui'') were reinstated. Even today, neighbourhood committees are sometimes colloquially called "''lilong'' committees".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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