|
Lookism is a term used to refer to the positive stereotypes, prejudice, and preferential treatment given to physically attractive people, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences. Warren Farrell has proposed the term genetic celebrity to describe adoration of the attractive.〔Farrell, Warren (2005). ''Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth About the Pay Gap -- And What Women Can Do About It''. AMACOM, ISBN 0814472109 p. 193〕 Physical attractiveness is associated with good things; in contrast, physical unattractiveness is associated with negative things. Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people. Research on the "What is beautiful is good" stereotype shows that, overall, those who are physically attractive benefit from their good looks: physically attractive individuals are perceived more positively and physical attractiveness has a strong influence on judgement of a person’s competence. In return, physically attractive people benefit from these stereotypical beliefs. Research shows that on average, physically attractive individuals have more friends, better social skills, and more active sex lives. However, attractiveness does not have any effect on the level of happiness experienced by the individual. ==History== Though the term "lookism" is of recent coinage, cultures and traditions worldwide have often warned against placing undue value on physical appearance: To judge by appearances is to get entangled in the Veil of Maya (Buddhist thought ) () From ancient times until relatively recently, there was widespread worry about lookism, because the appearance of others may deceive, especially in romance, or it may be personally or politically imprudent to judge or act on appearances. Judging by appearances was prohibited by monotheistic religions (“no graven images”) and criticized in ancient and medieval philosophies. Skeptics, Stoics, Cynics, Epicureans and Scholastics elaborated various reasons to avoid or subordinate the role of appearances.〔Louis Tietje and Steven Cresap (2005). "(Is Lookism Unjust? The History and Ethics of Aesthetics and Public Policy Implications )." ''Journal of Libertarian Studies'', Vol. 19 No. 2, Spring 2005, pp. 31–50〕 However, the term "Lookism" was first coined in the 1970s within the fat acceptance movement. It was used in ''The Washington Post'' Magazine in 1978, which asserted that the term was coined by "fat people" who created the word to refer to "discrimination based on looks."〔John Ayto, ''20th Century Words'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-860230-9〕 The word appears in several major English language dictionaries.〔(Bartleby.com ) — "(Lookism )". ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.'' 2000.〕 Lookism has received scholarly attention both from a cultural studies and an economics perspective. In the former context, lookism relates to preconceived notions of beauty and cultural stereotyping based on appearance as well as gender roles and expectations. Important economic considerations include the question of income gaps based on looks, as well as increased or decreased productivity from workers considered beautiful or ugly by their co-workers. Due to this, new problems arise that are tied to other social issues like racism (preferring white people over people of color) and agism (young over old). The idea of beauty is also linked directly to social class because people who have more free time and money have the ability to work on their appearance. Weight is also linked to social class because people who are overweight do not have the exercise equipment or the healthy food choices that wealthier people do. Judging people on the basis of attractiveness decreases a person's self esteem leading to a negative self-image. Some writers have examined this phenomenon among gay men. Author Michelangelo Signorile described it as "the setting of a rigid set of standards of physical beauty that pressures everyone within a particular group to conform to them. Any person who doesn't meet those very specific standards is deemed physically unattractive and sexually undesirable. In a culture in which the physical body is held in such high esteem and given such power, body fascism then not only deems those who don't or can't conform to be sexually less desirable, but in extreme sometimes dubbed lookism also deems a person completely worthless ''as a person'', based solely on his exterior. In this sense it is not unlike racism or sexism, or homophobia itself."〔Morrison, Todd Eclectic Views on Gay Male Pornography: Pornucopia, Volume 47, Psychology Press, ISBN 9781560232919〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「lookism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|