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luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Germany's military air arms during the First World War, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Army and the ''Marine-Fliegerabteilung'' of the Navy, had been disbanded in 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force.
During the interwar period, German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty. With the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty, the Luftwaffe was established on 26 February 1935. The Luftwaffes Condor Legion fought during the Spanish Civil War, the conflict became a testing ground for new doctrines and aircraft. As a result, the Luftwaffe grew to become one of the most sophisticated, technologically advanced and battle-experienced air forces in the world, when war began in Europe in 1939.〔Killen 2003, p. 93.〕 By the summer of 1939, the Luftwaffe had twenty-eight Geschwaders (wings).
The Luftwaffe was instrumental in contributing to the German victories across Poland and Western Europe. During the Battle of Britain, however, despite causing severe damage to the RAF's infrastructure and British cities during the subsequent Blitz, it did not achieve victory. The Allied bombing campaigns from 1942 gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe's fighter arm. The Luftwaffe was also involved in operations over the Soviet Union, North Africa and Southern Europe. Despite its belated use of advanced turbojet and rocket propelled aircraft for the destruction of Allied bombers fleets, the Luftwaffe was overwhelmed by the Allies' superior numbers and improved tactics, and a lack of trained pilots and aviation fuel. A last-ditch effort to win air superiority was launched, during the closing stages of the Battle of the Bulge, in January 1945 failed. With rapidly dwindling supplies of petroleum, oil and lubricants after this campaign, and as part of the entire Wehrmacht military forces as a whole, the Luftwaffe ceased to be an effective fighting force and after the defeat of the Third Reich, the Luftwaffe was disbanded in 1946. The Luftwaffe had only two commanders-in-chief throughout its history: Hermann Göring and latterly ''Generalfeldmarschall'' Robert Ritter von Greim. The Luftwaffe was involved in war crimes and atrocities, including strafing civilian refugees and conducting human experiments, during its history.
==Origins==
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