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Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold body radiation. It can be caused by chemical reactions, electrical energy, subatomic motions, or stress on a crystal. This distinguishes luminescence from incandescence, which is light emitted by a substance as a result of heating. Historically, radioactivity was thought of as a form of "radio-luminescence", although it is today considered to be separate since it involves more than electromagnetic radiation. The term 'luminescence' was introduced in 1888 by Eilhard Wiedemann.〔E. Wiedemann (1888) ("Über Fluorescenz und Phosphorescenz, I. Abhandlung" ) (On fluorescence and phosphorescence, first paper), ''Annalen der Physik'', 34: 446-463. From page 447: "Ich möchte für diese zweite Art der Lichterregung, für die uns eine einheitliche Benennung fehlt, den Namen Luminescenz vorschlagen, und Körper, die in dieser Weise leuchten, luminescirende nennen." 〕〔''A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence before the Emergence of Quantum Theory'' Bernard Valeur and Mario N. Berberan-Santos J. Chem. Educ., 2011, 88 (6), pp 731–738 〕 The dials, hands, scales and signs of aviation and navigational instruments and markings are often coated with luminescent materials in a process known as 'luminising'. ==Types== The following are types of luminescence: *Chemiluminescence, a result of a chemical reaction * *Bioluminescence, emission as a result of biochemical reaction by a living organism * *Electrochemiluminescence, a result of an electrochemical reaction *Crystalloluminescence, produced during crystallization *Electroluminescence, a result of an electric current passed through a substance * *Cathodoluminescence, a result of a luminescent material being struck by the electrons *Mechanoluminescence, a result of a mechanical action on a solid * *Triboluminescence, generated when bonds in a material are broken when that material is scratched, crushed, or rubbed * *Fractoluminescence, generated when bonds in certain crystals are broken by fractures * *Piezoluminescence, produced by the action of pressure on certain solids〔''Piezoluminescence phenomenon'' N. A. Atari Physics Letters A Volume 90, Issues 1-2, 21 June 1982, Pages 93-96 〕 * *Sonoluminescence, a result of imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound *Photoluminescence, a result of absorption of photons * *Fluorescence, photoluminescence as a result of singlet–singlet electronic relaxation (typical lifetime: nanoseconds) * *Phosphorescence, photoluminescence as a result of triplet–singlet electronic relaxation (typical lifetime: milliseconds to hours) *Radioluminescence, a result of bombardment by ionizing radiation *Thermoluminescence, the re-emission of absorbed energy when a substance is heated * *Cryoluminescence, the emission of light when an object is cooled (an example of this is wulfenite) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「luminescence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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