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lupinus
''Lupinus'', commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. The genus includes over 200 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America.〔Drummond, C. S., et al. (2012). (Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling. ) ''Systematic Biology'' 61(3) 443-60.〕 Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean.〔〔Aïnouche, A. K. and R. J. Bayer. (1999). (Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. ) ''American Journal of Botany'' 86(4), 590-607.〕 Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3000 years around the Mediterranean (Gladstones, 1970) and for as much as 6000 years in the Andean highlands (Uauy ''et al''., 1995), but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans or dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, ''Lupinus mutabilis'', known locally as ''tarwi'' or ''chocho'', was extensively cultivated, but there seems to have been no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible (Hill, 1977; Aguilera and Truer, 1978), or else boiled and dried them to make ''kirku'' (Uauy ''et al''., 1995). Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed (Hill, 1977).〔Gladstone, J.S., Atkins C.A. and Hamblin J (ed) (1998). ''Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization'' pg 353.〕
== Description ==
The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to tall. An exception is the ''chamis de monte'' (''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'') of Oaxaca in Mexico, which is a tree up to tall.〔Villa-Ruano, N., et al. (2012). (Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae). ) ''Archives of Biological Sciences'' 64(3), 1065-71.〕 Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as bluebonnets and quaker bonnets. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.
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