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are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto. ''Machiya'' (townhouses) and ''nōka'' (farm dwellings) constitute the two categories of Japanese vernacular architecture known as ''minka'' (folk dwellings). ''Machiya'' originated as early as the Heian period and continued to develop through to the Edo period and even into the Meiji period. ''Machiya'' housed urban merchants and craftsmen, a class collectively referred to as ''chōnin'' (townspeople). The word ''machiya'' is written using two kanji: ''machi'' (町) meaning “town”, and ''ya'' (家 or 屋) meaning “house” (家) or “shop” (屋) depending on the ''kanji'' used to express it. ==Kyōmachiya== ''Machiya'' in Kyoto, sometimes called ''kyōmachiya'' (京町家 or 京町屋) defined the architectural atmosphere of downtown Kyoto for centuries,〔Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration (京都市景観・まちづくりセンター)(eds.) ''Machiya Revival in Kyoto'' (京町家の再生). Kyoto: Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration, 2008. p10.〕 and represent the standard defining form of ''machiya'' throughout the country. The typical Kyoto ''machiya'' is a long wooden home with narrow street frontage, stretching deep into the city block and often containing one or more small courtyard gardens or ''tsuboniwa''. ''Machiya'' incorporate earthen walls and baked tile roofs, and could be one, one and a half, two, or occasionally even three stories high.〔 The front of the building traditionally served as the retail or shop space, generally having sliding or folding shutters that opened to facilitate the display of goods and wares. Behind this ''mise no ma'' (店の間, "shop space"), the remainder of the main building is divided into the ''kyoshitsubu'' (居室部) or "living space," composed of divided rooms with raised timber floors and tatami mats, and the ''doma'' (土間) or ''tōriniwa'' (通り庭), an unfloored earthen service space that contained the kitchen and also serves as the passage to the rear of the plot, where storehouses known as kura (倉 or 蔵) are found. A ''hibukuro'' (火袋) above the kitchen serves as a chimney, carrying smoke and heat away and as a skylight, bringing light into the kitchen.〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. p18.〕 The plot's width was traditionally an index of wealth, and typical ''machiya'' plots were only 5.4 to 6 meters wide, but about 20 meters deep, leading to the nickname ''unagi no nedoko'', or eel beds. The largest residential room, located in the rear of the main building, looking out over the garden which separates the main house from the storehouse, is called a ''zashiki'' (座敷) and doubled as a reception room for special guests or clients.〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. p16.〕 The sliding doors which make up the walls in a ''machiya'', as in most traditional Japanese buildings, provide a great degree of versatility; doors can be opened and closed or removed entirely to alter the number, size, and shape of rooms to suit the needs of the moment. Typically, however, the remainder of the building might be arranged to create smaller rooms including an entrance hall or foyer (''genkan'', 玄関), ''butsuma'' (仏間),〔Japanese families, particularly in more traditional homes, typically have a small Buddhist altar within the home, often surrounded with or located near photos of deceased family members. When this is located in its own separate room, that room is called a ''butsuma'', or "Buddha space."〕 and ''naka no ma'' (中の間) and ''oku no ma'' (奥の間), both of which mean simply "central room".〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. p11.〕 One occasion when rooms are altered significantly is during the Gion Matsuri, when families display their family treasures, including ''byōbu'' (folding screen) paintings and other artworks and heirlooms in the ''machiya''.〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. p37.〕 ''Machiya'' also provide space for costumes, decorations, portable shrines (御神輿, ''omikoshi''), floats, and other things needed for the festival, as well as hosting spectators along the festival's parade route. ''Machiya'' design addresses climate concerns. Kyoto can be quite cold in winter, and extremely hot and humid in the summer. Multiple layers of sliding doors (''fusuma'' and ''shōji'') are used to moderate the temperature inside; closing all the screens in the winter offers some protection from the cold, while opening them all in the summer offers some respite from the heat and humidity. ''Machiya'' homes traditionally also made use of different types of screens which would be changed with the seasons; woven bamboo screens used in summer allow air to flow through, but help to block the sun.〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. pp13,16.〕 The open air garden courtyards likewise aid in air circulation and bring light into the house.〔''Machiya Revival in Kyoto''. p14.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「machiya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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