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makibishi
The term makibishi (撒き菱 or 撒菱) refers to the Japanese version of the caltrop.
==Description==
Makibishi (''igadama''), sharp spiked objects that were used in feudal Japan to slow down pursuers and also were used in the defense of samurai fortifications.〔(''Japanese Castles AD 250--1540'', Stephen Turnbull, Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing, 2008 P.32 )〕〔(''Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan'', Karl F. Friday, Psychology Press, 2004 P.119 )〕''Makibishi'' were one of the items supposedly used by ninja. Iron caltrops were called tetsubishi while those made from the dried seed pod of the water caltrop, ''Trapa sp.'', formed a natural type of caltrop called tennenbishi. Both types of ''makibishi'' could penetrate the thin soles of the shoes such as the waraji sandals that were commonly worn in feudal Japan when the ''makibishi'' was dropped on the ground or planted in advance.〔''Pauley's Guide - A Dictionary of Japanese Martial Arts and Culture'', Daniel C. Pauley
Samantha Pauley, 2009 p176〕 〔(''Comprehensive Asian fighting arts'', Donn F. Draeger, Robert W. Smith, Kodansha International, 1980 p.127 )〕 ''Makibishi'' could be carried in a bag attached to a belt along with other commonly carried weapons and/or tools such as ''shuriken'' and ''kaginawa''. 〔(''Warriors of Medieval Japan'', Stephen Turnbull, Osprey Publishing, 2007 p.162 )〕''Makibishi'' could be thrown like a ''shuriken'' 〔(''Comprehensive Asian fighting arts'', Donn F. Draeger, Robert W. Smith, Kodansha International, 1980 P.127 )〕and could also be used against an enemy on horseback.〔(''Exotic weapons of the Ninja'', Sid Campbell, Citadel Press, 1999 P.100 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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