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In ancient Roman religion, the ''Manes'' or ''Di Manes'' are chthonic deities sometimes thought to represent souls of deceased loved ones. They were associated with the ''Lares'', ''Lemures,'' ''Genii'', and ''Di Penates'' as deities ''(di)'' that pertained to domestic, local, and personal cult. They belonged broadly to the category of ''di inferi'', "those who dwell below,"〔Varro, ''De lingua latina'' 6.13.〕 the undifferentiated collective of divine dead.〔"Death," in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 366.〕 The Manes were honored during the Parentalia and Feralia in February. The theologian Augustine, writing about the subject a few centuries after most of the Latin pagan references to such spirits, differentiated Manes from other types of Roman spirits: Latin spells of antiquity were often addressed to the Manes. ==Etymology and inscriptions== Manes may be derived from "an archaic adjective manus —''good''— which was the opposite of immanis".〔Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968) New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 213.〕 Roman tombstones often included the letters ''D.M.'', which stood for ''dis manibus'', "for the Manes", an abbreviation that continued to appear even in Christian inscriptions. The Manes were offered blood sacrifices. The gladiatorial games, originally held at funerals, may have been instituted in the honor of the Manes.〔 According to Cicero, the ''Manes'' could be called forth from the caves near Lake Avernus.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「manes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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