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Manilla (money)
Manillas are penannular armlets, mostly in bronze or copper, very rarely gold, which served as a form of commodity money (and, to a degree, ornamentation) among certain West African peoples (Aro Confederacy, Guinea Coast, Gold Coast, Calabar and other parts of Nigeria, etc.).〔Chamberlain, C. C.(1963). The Teach Yourself ''Guide to Numismatics''. English Universities Press. P. 92.〕 This form of African currency also became known as "slave trade money" after the Europeans started using them to acquire slaves for the slave trade into the Americas.〔(/ Details of Manillas )〕
== Introduction ==
The name ''manilla'' is said to derive from the Spanish〔 for a bracelet ''manella'', the Portuguese for ''hand-ring'',〔Rees, Alun (2000). ''Manillas.'' Coin News. April 2000. ISSN 0958-1391. P. 46 - 47.〕 or after the Latin ''manus'' (hand) or from ''monilia'', plural of ''monile'' (necklace).〔(/ An article on manillas by Scott Semans )〕 They are usually horseshoe-shaped, with terminations that face each other and are roughly lozenge-shaped. The earliest use of manillas was in West Africa. As a means of exchange they originated in Calabar. Calabar was the chief city of the ancient southeast Nigerian coastal kingdom of that name. It was here in 1505 that a slave could be bought for 8-10 manillas, and an elephant’s tooth for one copper manila〔Einzig, 1949; Talbot, 1926〕
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