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''Maqasid'' is an Arabic word for ''goals'' or ''purposes''. In an Islamic context, the term can refer to the purposes of Islamic faith, ''zakat'' (charity tax), pilgrimage, or of the Qur'an's and Sunnah's text. In terms of Shariah, there are five foundational goals (''maqasid al-Shariah''). These are the preservation of: *Religion / Faith (''din'') *Life (''nafs'') *Lineage / Progeny (''nasl'') *Intellect (''‘aql'') *Property / Wealth (''mal'')〔Chapra, M.U. (2000), ''The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective'', Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p.118〕 ==Historical context== The above represents the commonly understood conception of ''maqasid'' developed by the 12th century Islamic scholar Al-Ghazali (d. 1111 CE). The most significant development of the ''maqasid'' occurred in the 14th century through the writings of Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328 CE). Jurist Imam Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d.1388) also wrote on Maqasid Al-Sharia in his work ''Al-Muwafaqaat fi Usool al-Sharia''. He defined ''maqasid al-shariah'' as "the attainment of good, welfare, advantage, benefits and warding off evil, injury, loss of the creatures".〔Khan, M.F. and Ghifari, N.M. (1985), ''Shatibi's Objectives of Shariah and some Implications for Consumer Theory.'' Islamabad: International Institute of Islamic Economics and International Islamic University.〕 However, it was not until modern times that Islamic scholars have shown a renewed interest in the ''maqasid''. This scholarship began with the work of the Tunisian scholar Muhammad Al-Tahir Ibn Ashur (d. 1973 CE). Since the turn of the century, a number of Islamic scholars including Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Professor Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, Ahmad Raysuni, Halim Rane, Jasser Auda, and Tariq Ramadan have all advocated the ''maqasid'' approach and contributed to its development. Sheikh Muhammad Abu Zahra believed that Shariah was a "mercy to humanity" with three major goals: "nurturing the righteous individual", "establishing justice", and "realization of benefits".〔Mohamed Abu Zahrah, ''Usul Al-Fiqh''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「maqasid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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