|
Maracatu is a performance found in Pernambuco state in northeastern Brazil. There are two main types of maracatu, ''maracatu de nação'' (nation-style maracatu) and ''maracatu rural'' (rural-style maracatu). ==Maracatu de nação== Maracatu de nação (also known as ''maracatu de baque virado'': "maracatu of the turned-around beat") is an Afro-Brazilian performance genre. The term, often shortened simply to ''nação'' ("nation", pl. ''nações''), refers not only to the performance, but to the performing groups themselves. ''Maracatu de nação''’s origins lie in the investiture ceremonies of the ''Reis do Congo'' (Kings of Congo), who were slaves that occupied leadership roles within the slave community. When slavery was abolished in Brazil in 1888, the institution of the Kings of Congo ceased to exist. Nonetheless, ''nações'' continued to choose symbolic leaders and evoke coronation ceremonies for those leaders. Although a ''maracatu'' performance is secular, traditional ''nações'' are grouped around Candomblé or Jurema (Afro-Brazilian religions) ''terreiros'' (bases) and the principles of Candomblé infuse their activities. Traditional ''nações'' perform by parading with a drumming group of 80-100, a singer and chorus, and a coterie of dancers and stock characters including the king and queen. Dancers and stock characters dress and behave to imitate the Portuguese royal court of the Baroque period. The performance also enacts pre-colonial African traditions, like parading the ''calunga'', a doll representing tribal deities that is kept throughout the year in a special place in the Nação's headquarters. The ''calungas'', usually female, are traditionally made of either wax and wood or of cloth. They may have clothing made for them in a similar Baroque style to the costumes worn by the other members of the royal court. The ''calunga'' is sacred and carrying this spiritual figurehead of the group is a great responsibility for the female ''Dama de Paço (Lady-in-Waiting) of the cortège. The musical ensemble consists of ''alfaia'' (a large wooden rope-tuned drum), ''gonguê'' (a metal cowbell), ''tarol'' (a shallow snare drum), ''caixa-de-guerra'', (or "war-snare"), ''agbê'' (a gourd shaker enveloped in beads), and ''mineiro'' (a metal cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or small dried seeds). Song form is call and response between a solo singer and (usually) a female chorus. Today there are around 20 ''nações'' operating in the cities of Recife and Olinda. Although several have an unbroken line of activity going back to the 19th century, most have been set up in recent decades. Well-known ''nações'' include Estrela Brilhante, Leão Coroado, and Porto Rico. Each year they perform during the Carnival period in Recife and Olinda. Maracatu Nação Pernambuco, while not a traditional ''maracatu'', was primarily responsible for introducing the genre to overseas audiences in the 1990s. The genre has inspired the establishment of performing groups in a number of cities outside Brazil, including Toronto, Quebec City, New York, Washington DC, Cologne, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, Lyon, Stockholm, London, Edinburgh, Auckland, Brighton, Madison, Oakland, San Diego, Manchester, Bristol, Oxford, Melbourne and Brisbane. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「maracatu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|