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A matrilineal surname is a family name inherited from one's mother (and maternal grandmother, etc.) in some ''matrilineal'' cultures, and this line of descent or "mother line" is called a matriline. In this article, the scientific term ''matrilineal surname'' appears in its easier or shorter form instead, matriname.〔Sykes, Bryan (2001). ''The Seven Daughters of Eve''. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02018-5; pp. 291-2. Professor Bryan Sykes uses "matriname", only, and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" as Sykes calls it) would really help in future genealogy work and historical-record searches. This effectively suggests the ''double surname'' presented in this article. Professor Sykes also states on p. 292 that a woman's matriname will be handed down with her mtDNA, the main topic of his book.〕〔Fernandez. James W. (1992). About "moradas vitales". ''Cultures 2'' (from Academia de la Llingua Asturiana), p. 69. (Here is the "Google book", using matriname. )〕 Within some patrilineal cultures, ''patrilineal'' surnames are likewise inherited from fathers (and paternal grandfathers), and will likewise appear here in their shorter form patrinames.〔Isbell, Billie Jean (1978, 1985). ''To Defend Ourselves: Ecology and Ritual in an Andean Village''. Waveland Press. ISBN 0881331732, Ch. 3, p. 79. (Here is the complete book, from Cornell Univ. ) Get to Chapter 3 of the book, then do a search for patriname.〕 This article aims to present what is known about these ''mother-line'' surnames, first as single surnames and then as part of double surnames. For clarity and brevity, exceptions such as adoption will be ignored, while clan names are handled in the matrilineality article. The terms ''family name'' or ''surname'' are used interchangeably in this article—and similarly father-line or patrilineal, and mother-line or matrilineal. ==Single surname== Matrinames have existed since before patrinames and since even before 1600 BCE, as further detailed in the China section of the article Matrilineality.〔linguistics.berkeley.edu (2004). "(Naming practices )". A PDF file with a section on "Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003)". Archived at WebCite () on 1Apr11.〕〔An Zhimin (1988). Archaeological Research on Neolithic China. ''Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 5 (Dec., 1988),'' pp. 753-759. See p. 755 and p. 758. The first few sentences are accessible online via JSTOR at (), i.e., p.753.〕 Note that the term "maternal surname" might be confused with "matriname", but in patrilineal cultures the ''maternal'' surname is the mother's patriname. Note also that women inherit a surname from their mother as well as from their father, in some patrilineal cultures in the ''Family name'' article. Such patrilineal cultures would ''permit'' matrinames to co-exist with patrinames there, as follows: Where matrinames exist, they are passed from mother to child along with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); similarly, where patrinames exist, they are passed from father to son along with Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA). Thus, even within a patrilineal culture, if any group of women sharing mtDNA (from their common mother-line ancestor) were to choose a surname and then hand it down to successive generations, by definition that surname would become a matrilineal surname or matriname within a patrilineal culture.〔 The test of whether a particular surname is a matriname is to determine whether it is actually being handed down from mother to daughter (to daughter) in a ''matriline''. The usual lack of matrinames to hand down in patrilineal cultures makes ''traditional genealogy'' more difficult in the mother-line case than in the normal (father-line) case.〔 After all, ''father-line'' surnames originated partly "to identify" individuals "clearly" and/or were adopted partly "for administrative reasons"; and these ''patri''names help now in searching for facts and documentation from centuries ago. Thus, patrinames are stable ''identity-surnames'', surnames which identify an individual, whether now or in the past or future; and matrinames similarly are ''identity-surnames'' for women. For a discussion of pursuing one's mother-line genealogy with the help of one's ''mtDNA'' but without matrinames, see Genetic genealogy and especially Genealogical DNA test. Relatively recently, in its 1979 "Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women," or CEDAW, the UN officially adopted a provision, item (g) of CEDAW's Article 16, to the effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name", as well as a "profession" and an "occupation".〔UN Convention, 1979. "(Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women )", or CEDAW. Archived at WebCite () on 1Apr11.〕 These three rights are just part of the document's long list of women's rights or gender equality rights which women need to have, the same as men need them. The United States has not yet ratified this UN Convention, or multilateral treaty, according to the CEDAW article. Thus, in non-discriminating States, women may eventually gain the same right to their own matriname as men have traditionally had (within father-line cultures) to their own patriname. And similarly, within mother-line or matrilineal cultures, men may gain the right to their own patriname. In other words, the ''handing down of both'' matrinames and patrinames would co-exist within each culture in order to avoid discriminating against either women or men. (Note that some cultures have ''no'' surnames – but if a culture has surnames then in this regard a non-discriminating culture would be a both-lines (and father-line ) or ambilineal culture.) This surname symmetry between the two genders – this surname ''gender symmetry'' – will be mentioned again in the Double surname section below. Actual use of a matriname would involve, first, invention or choice of a name by a group of women who share mtDNA (from their common matriline ancestor)〔 〔Stannard, Una (1977). ''Mrs Man''. San Francisco: Germainbooks. ISBN 0-914142-02-X; pp. 334-37. 〕 and then using it in their daughters' birth records (or birth certificates). This use of the mother's matriname would be parallel to and symmetric with the normal use of the father's patriname in each new son's birth record. Note well, this ''is'' the above-mentioned "handing down of both" the matriname and the patriname. It should be mentioned that the ''patriname'' is normally a single surname, like Smith or Jones, normally not a double surname like Smith-Jones or Smith Jones. (The matriname and patriname examples used later in this article are ''all'' single surnames, for simplicity and clarity.) And, just as men normally do not change their patriname, so also women would normally not change their matriname. Thus both identity-surnames should be equally stable over the generations.〔 Note that one's birth surname is one's ''legal surname'', unless one changes the latter – such as in some purely patrilineal cultures where women traditionally change to their husband's patriname at marriage, as described in Married and maiden names and in Name change. Here is a specific example to illustrate and summarize these concepts: the father and sons in a nuclear family have the very-familiar patriname ''Smith'' while the mother and daughters have the matriname ''Momline'' as their own (and thus equally stable) identity-surname. This section has focused on the single surname, for simplicity and clarity, before covering the resulting double surname in the next section. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「matriname」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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