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megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. The word "megalithic" describes structures made of such large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or concrete, as well as representing periods of prehistory characterised by such constructions. For later periods the term monolith, with an overlapping meaning, is more likely to be used.
The word "megalith" comes from the Ancient Greek "" (transl. ''megas'' meaning "great") and "" (transl. ''lithos'' meaning "stone"). Megalith also denotes an item consisting of rock(s) hewn in definite shapes for special purposes.〔(Glossary ). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.〕〔(Glossary ). labyrinth.net.au.〕〔(Glossary ). wordnet.princeton.edu.〕 It has been used to describe buildings built by people from many parts of the world living in many different periods. A variety of large stones are seen as megaliths, with the most widely known megaliths not being sepulchral.〔Rochester's history ~ an illustrated timeline. (glossary of cemetery terms )〕 The construction of these structures took place mainly in the Neolithic (though earlier Mesolithic examples are known) and continued into the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.〔Johnson, W. (1908) p.67〕
==Early stone complexes in eastern Turkey==
At a number of sites in eastern Turkey, large ceremonial complexes from the 9th millennium BC have been discovered. They belong to the incipient phases of agriculture and animal husbandry. Large circular structures involving carved megalithic orthostats are a typical feature; e.g. at Nevalı Çori and Göbekli Tepe. Although these structures are the most ancient megalithic structures known so far, it is not clear that any of the European Megalithic traditions (see below) are actually derived from them.〔Mithen, S. (2003), ''After the Ice - A Global Human History, 20,000-5,000 BC'', London, 62-71〕 At Göbekli Tepe, four stone circles have been excavated from an estimated 20. Some measure up to 30 metres across. As well as human figures, the stones carry a variety of carved reliefs depicting boars, foxes, lions, birds, snakes and scorpions.〔(The Guardian report 23 April 2008 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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