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metacommunication
Meta-communication - (Etymology: Gk, meta + L, communicare, to inform), or metacommunication, is a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted. It is based on idea that the same message accompanied by different meta-communication can mean something entirely different, including its opposite, as in irony.〔("Mind, Nature, and Consciousness: Gregory Bateson and the New Paradigm." ) Stanislav Grof, M.D.〕 The term was brought to prominence by Gregory Bateson to refer to "communication about communication", which he expanded to: "all exchanged cues and propositions about (a) codification and (b) relationship between the communicators".〔Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Gregory Bateson, (Ruesch and Bateson, 1951, p. 209〕 Metacommunication may or may not be congruent, supportive or contradictory of that verbal communication.〔The Free Dictionary (Metacommunication )〕
==Origin of the concept==
Bateson is typically said to have invented the term, but in fact, he credits Benjamin Lee Whorf.〔Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Gregory Bateson, (Ruesch and Bateson, 1951, p. 209〕 Bateson suggested the term's significance in 1951, and then elaborated upon one particular variation, the message "this is play," in 1956.〔Bateson, G. (1956). The message 'this is play.' In B. Schaffner (Ed.), Group processes: Transactions of the second conference (pp. 145-242) New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.〕 A critical fact for Bateson was that every message could have a metacommunicative element, and typically, each message held metacommunicative information about how to interpret other messages. He saw no distinction in type of message, only a distinction in function. 〔Bateson, G. (1956). The message 'this is play.' In B. Schaffner (Ed.), Group processes: Transactions of the second conference (pp. 145-242) New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.〕
Some metacommunicative signals are nonverbal. The term Kinesics, referring to body motion communication and occasionally employed by Bateson, was first used by Ray Birdwhistell an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement.〔Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952). Introduction to ''Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture''. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.〕 Part of Birdwhistell's work involved filming people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. Birdwhistell's research was influenced by Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson; all three were participants in the Macy Conferences in Group Processes,〔Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1994). Crossing disciplinary boundaries: The Macy Foundation Conferences on Cybernetics as a case study in multidisciplinary communication. ''Cybernetica: Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics'', 3/4, 349-369.〕 and both Birdwhistell and Bateson were part of a later multidisciplinary collaboration, ''The Natural History of an Interview''. 〔Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1987). The social history of The Natural History of an Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 20, 1-51.〕
From 1952-1962, Bateson directed a research project on communication. This paid particular attention to logical paradoxes including Russell's paradox 1901 and to of Bertrand Russell's, Theory of Types, Russell's solution to it. Bateson and his associates here pioneered the concept of meta-communication - something that means different (often contradictory) things at different levels. Meta-communication is thought to be a characteristic feature of complex systems.〔("Bateson on Communication and Meta-communication" )〕
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