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Microtypography is the name given to a range of methods for improving the readability and appearance of text, especially justified text. The methods reduce the appearance of large interword spaces and create edges to the text that appear more even. == Methods == There are several methods that can be used. * The tracking (interletter, as opposed to interword, space) can be increased or decreased. * The width of glyphs can be increased or decreased. *: These methods are sometimes called expansion. Robert Bringhurst suggests about 3% expansion or contraction of intercharacter spacing and about 2% expansion or contraction of glyphs as the largest permissible deviations. *:Compare Kashida in Persian typography. * Glyphs that are small (such as a period) or round (such as the letter "o") at the end of a line can be extended beyond the end of the line to create a more even line at the edge of the text. This is called protrusion, margin kerning, or hanging punctuation. * Multiple different versions of the same glyph with different widths may be used. This method was used by Gutenberg in the 42-line bible (see ), but is less easy now because few fonts come with multiple versions of the same glyph. It is not practical with narrow variants of a font or with different weights of a font because the glyphs look too different from each other to create good effect. It is possible with some multiple master fonts. * The interline space can be adjusted in a similar way to the interword space to create text blocks of identical height or to avoid widows and orphans. However, this practice (sometimes called vertical justification) is frowned upon in quality typography, as it destroys the fabric of the text . The following methods are not usually considered part of microtypography, but are important to it. * Justification of text. If the text is not justified, the word spacing is fixed and so only the protrusion elements of microtypography are likely to be useful. * A hyphenation method that can break words at an appropriate point if necessary. * Kerning helps ensure that the space between letters is appropriate before microtypography is applied. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「microtypography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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