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A militia 〔(【引用サイトリンク】Oxford English Dictionary ">date=June 2009 )〕 generally is an army or other fighting unit that is composed of non-professional fighters, citizens of a nation or subjects of a state or government that can be called upon to enter a combat situation, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of the fighting nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai). Unable to hold their own against properly-trained and -equipped professional forces, it is common for militias to engage in guerrilla warfare or defense instead of being used in open attacks and offensive actions. However, beginning as early as the late 20th Century, some militias (particularly officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government) act as professional forces, while still being "part-time" or "on-call" organizations. For instance, the members of some U.S. Army National Guard and Air National Guard units are considered professional soldiers and airmen, respectively, as they are trained to maintain, and do maintain, the same standards as their "full-time" (active duty) counterparts. Therefore, these professional militia men and women of the National Guard of the United States are colloquially known as "citizen-soldiers" or "citizen-airmen". The historical view is when three or more citizens gather together in the common defense of their country or state, they then become a militia.〔Walker, D. "Militia" 2003 〕 Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance. Some of the situations the term "militia" is used include forces engaged in: * Defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws.〔p.7, Sumner〕 * The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, available to be called to arms. * * A subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. * * A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation. * A private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. * An official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries such as; the Army Reserve, National Guard, or state defense forces. * The national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia, and other former CIS countries and are known as ''militsiya''. * In France the equivalent term "Milice" has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. * A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, often politicized. ==Etymology== ''Militia'' derives from Latin roots: * ''miles'' /miːles/ : soldier〔Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, p. 505, Oxford U. Pr., 1997.〕 * ''-itia'' /iːtia/ : a state, activity, quality or condition of being〔() 〕 * ''militia'' /mil:iːtia/: Military service〔 The word ''militia'' dates back to at least 1590 when it was recorded in a book by Sir John Smythe, ''Certain Discourses Military'' with the meanings: a military force; a body of soldiers and military affairs; a body of military discipline〔Oxford English Dictionary, March 2002. Oxford University Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「militia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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