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are vernacular houses constructed in any one of several traditional Japanese building styles. In the context of the four divisions of society, ''minka'' were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non-samurai castes), but this connotation no longer exists in the modern Japanese language, and any traditional Japanese-style residence of an appropriate age could be referred to as ''minka''. Minka are characterised by their basic structure, their roof structure and their roof shape. Minka developed through history with distinctive styles emerging in the Edo period. ==Types of minka== The term Minka literally means "houses of the people" and it covers houses that accommodated a wide variety of people from farmers through to village headmen, merchants and low level samurai.〔Nishi & Hozumi (1996), p82〕 Minka come in a wide range of styles and sizes, largely as a result of differing geographic and climatic conditions as well as the lifestyle of the inhabitants, but they generally fall into one of four classifications: farmhouses town houses , fishermen's dwellings and mountain dwellings .〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/m/minka.htm )〕 Unlike other forms of Japanese architecture such as those of the style, it is the structure rather than the plan that is of primary importance to the minka.〔Itoh (1979), p44〕 Minka are divided up with primary posts that form the basic framework and bear the structural load of the building; and secondary posts which are arranged to suit the functional arrangements of the plan.〔Itoh (1979), p43〕 Despite the wide variety of minka, there are eight basic forms. The ''inverted U'' consists of two vertical posts fixed at the top with a horizontal beam, these individual units can then be added together with side girders. The beam can be fixed to the top of the post either by just resting upon it or via a mortise and tenon joint. This latter method is often found in minka on the island of Shikoku.〔Itoh (1979), p44〕 The ''ladder'' has a number of post and beam units connected together with larger beams including beams that are closer to the foundation level and this form of structure originated in townhouses of the Edo period. The system will allow the irregular placement of posts and therefore allows flexibility in the plan.〔Itoh (1979), p44〕 With the ''umbrella'' style, four beams radiate out from a central post. These posts sit at the centre of the four sides of the square rather than the corners. Minka of this type are often found in Shiga Prefecture.〔Itoh (1979), p45〕 The ''cross'' has two beams at right angles to one another with the posts in the centre of the sides. It is often used for very small minka that have no other posts erected within the space, or for large minka in the earth-floored area. The style is most often found in Shiga and Fukui prefectures. ''Parallel crosses'' are found in Shizuoka Prefecture and will cover an area 5 metres by 10 metres. This system doubles up the ''cross'' structure with two crosses and eight posts. The ''box'' structure connects four or more post and beam units to create a box-like structure. It was devised in the Edo period and can be found in Toyama and Ishikawa Prefectures.〔Itoh (1979), p46〕 The ''interconnected box'' can be found in Kyoto and Osaka. And finally, ''rising beams'' is a form of structure that enables better use of the second storey. It uses beams that rise from the posts to a secondary ridge that is below the one formed by the rafters.〔Itoh (1979), p47〕 Thatched roof farmhouses based upon the ''rising beam'' structure can be further classified into four major types. The first two of these, the ''yojiro-gumi'' and the are rare. Although the latter of these, the ''wagoya'' is popular for ''machiya'' houses. Far more common are the (also known as ) and the ''odachi'' types.〔Itoh (1979), p81〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sasu.htm )〕 The ''odachi'' style has rafters, crossbeams and short vertical posts to support the ridge. Historically, these posts would have extended to the ground resulting in a row of posts extending down the centre of the house and dividing it in two. Although these could be accommodated within the layout of the main house, they were impractical within the earth-floored entrance area and so they were omitted and a special beam structure used instead.〔Itoh (1979), p110〕 This style was in wide use until the Edo period when a shift was made to the ''sasu'' style (although both types had been used since historic times).〔Itoh (1979), p84〕 The ''sasu'' style is a simpler triangular shape with a pair of rafters joined at the top to support the ridge pole. The ends of these rafters were sharpened to fit into mortice holes at either end of crossbeam.〔 As this system does not rely on central posts it leaves a more unobstructed plan than the ''odachi'' style.〔Itoh (1979), p110〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「minka」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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