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Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.〔〔 Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation after which fetal death is known as a stillbirth. The most common symptoms of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding.〔 This may occur with or without pain.〔 Tissue or clot like material may also come out the vagina. Sadness, anxiety, and guilt may also occur. Risk factors for miscarriage include an older mother or father, previous miscarriage, exposure to tobacco smoke, obesity, diabetes, and drug or alcohol use, among others.〔〔 In those under the age of 35 the risk is about 10% while it is about 45% in those over the age of 40.〔 Risk begins to increase around the age of 30.〔 About 80% of miscarriages occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (the first trimester). The underlying mechanism in about half of cases involves chromosomal abnormalities. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include an ectopic pregnancy and implantation bleeding.〔 Diagnosis of a miscarriage may involve checking to see if the cervix is open or closed, testing blood levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and an ultrasound. Prevention is occasionally possible with good prenatal care. This may involve avoiding drugs and alcohol, infectious diseases, and radiation. No specific treatment is usually needed during the first 7 to 14 days.〔〔 Most women will complete the miscarriage without interventions.〔 Occasionally the medication misoprostol or a procedure known as dilation and curettage (D&C) is required to remove the failed pregnancy.〔 Women who are rhesus negative may require Rho(D) immune globulin. Pain medication and emotional support may be beneficial. Miscarriage is the most common complication of early pregnancy. Among women who know they are pregnant, the miscarriage rate is roughly 10% to 20% while rates among all conceptions is around 30% to 50%. About 5% of women have two miscarriages in a row. Some recommend not using the term "abortion" in discussions with those experiencing a miscarriage in an effort to decrease distress. ==Signs and symptoms== The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding. This can vary from light spotting or brownish discharge to heavy bleeding and bright red blood. The bleeding may come and go over several days. However, light vaginal bleeding is relatively common during the first trimester of pregnancy (the first 12 weeks) and does not necessarily indicate a miscarriage. Bleeding during pregnancy may be referred to as a ''threatened miscarriage''. Of women who seek clinical treatment for bleeding during pregnancy, about half will miscarry. Symptoms other than bleeding are not statistically related.〔 Miscarriage may be detected during an ultrasound exam, or through serial human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) testing. Women pregnant from assisted reproductive technology methods, and women with a history of miscarriage, may be monitored closely and so detection is sooner than women without such monitoring. It is estimated about half of early miscarriages will be fully expelled naturally. Several medical options exist for managing documented nonviable pregnancies that have not been expelled naturally, such as medicinal treatment or a dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure. An ERPC, or evacuation of retained products of conception, may be performed to remove the remains of a pregnancy and the placental tissue from the uterus.〔http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a1039515/understanding-early-miscarriage#ixzz2x52G1IYu〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「miscarriage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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