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("crossbreed" in German, plural: ) was the German term used during the Third Reich to denote persons deemed to have both Aryan and Jewish ancestry.〔It usually was applied to Germans with Jewish ancestry but could be applied to any other ethnic group such as Romani "mischling". The term did not originate in Nazi Germany. It arose in botany and zoology as meaning "hybrid" or "mongrel" before being applied to human beings in the mid-19th century. From inception, it has carried connotations of inferiority and degeneracy. In the Third Reich, it evolved into an official legal term with a fixed and regulated definition. ''Holocaust Encyclopedia'' p. 420-25. See also article on Eugen Fischer.〕 The word has essentially the same origin as the 17th-century and now obsolete English term mestee, ''mestizo'' in Spanish and ''métis'' in French. In German, the word has the general denotation of hybrid, mongrel, or half-breed.〔Messinger, Heinz. ''Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Englisch'', 2 parts, Teil II: Deutsch-English. Berlin (West) et al.: Langenscheidt, 1959〕 ==Nuremberg laws== As defined by the Nuremberg laws in 1935, a Jew ((ドイツ語:Volljude) in Nazi terminology) was a person – regardless of religious affiliation or self-identification – who had at least three grandparents who had been enrolled with a Jewish congregation.〔Cf. §5 (1) "Jude ist, wer von mindestens drei der Rasse nach volljüdischen Großeltern abstammt. § 2 Abs.() 2 Satz 2 findet Anwendung." (translated: A Jew is defined as one who descends from at least three (racially) fully Jewish grandparents. § 2 section 2 sentence 2 is applying.), whereas §2 (2) says: "Jüdischer Mischling ist, wer von einem oder zwei der Rasse nach volljüdischen Großelternteilen abstammt, sofern er nicht nach § 5 Abs.() 2 als Jude gilt. Als volljüdisch gilt ein Großelternteil ohne weiteres, wenn er der jüdischen Religionsgemeinschaft angehört hat." (translated: A Jewish Mischling is defined as one who descends from one or two (racially) fully Jewish grandparents, unless he is considered a Jew in accordance with § 5 (2). A grandparent is offhandedly considered fully Jewish if he has membership with the Jewish religious body.), see: (''Erste Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz vom 14. November 1935'' (First ordinance on the Reich's Citizen Act of 14 November 1935) ), retrieved on 23 January 2013.〕 A person with two Jewish grandparents was also legally "Jewish" (so-called Geltungsjude, roughly speaking, in (英語:"Jew by legal validity")) if that person met any of these conditions: *Was enrolled as member of a Jewish congregation when the Nuremberg Laws were issued, or joined later〔A later secession from the Jewish community did not affect the classification as Geltungsjude. Secession from religious Jewish congregations remained possible until July 1939, when the Gestapo transformed them all into its subdivisions, forced to enlist every person discriminated as Geltungsjude or Jew according to the Nuremberg Laws.〕 *Was married to a Jew. *Was the offspring from a marriage with a Jew, which was concluded after the ban on mixed marriages. *Was the offspring of an extramarital affair with a Jew, born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936''.〔Cf. §5 (2) d of (''Erste Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz vom 14. November 1935'' (First ordinance on the Reich's Citizen Act of 14 November 1935) ), retrieved on 23 January 2013.〕 A person who did not belong to any of these categorical conditions but had two Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jewish Mischling of the first degree. A person with only one Jewish grandparent was classified as a Mischling of the second degree.〔R. Hilberg, ''Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders'', pp. 150ff.〕 See Mischling Test. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mischling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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