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The Mishnah or Mishna (; , "study by repetition"), from the verb ''shanah'' , or "to study and review", also "secondary,"〔The same meaning is suggested by the term ''Deuterosis'' ("doubling" or "repetition" in Ancient Greek) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However it is not always clear from the context whether the reference is to the Mishnah or to the Targum, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading.〕 is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature.〔The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3964 )〕 The Mishnah was redacted by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi before his death around 217 CE,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mishnah )〕 in a time when, according to the Talmud, the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (536 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. The majority of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, while some parts are Aramaic. The Mishnah consists of six orders (', singular ' ), each containing 7–12 tractates (', singular ' ; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs or verses. The word ''Mishnah'' can also indicate a single paragraph or a verse of the work itself, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. For this reason the whole work is sometimes called by the plural, '. ==Structure== The term "Mishnah" originally referred to a method of teaching by presenting topics in a systematic order, as contrasted with ', which meant teaching by following the order of the Bible. The Mishnah as a written compilation accordingly orders its content by subject matter, instead of by biblical context as the Midrashim do. Likewise it includes a much broader selection of halakhic subjects, and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly, than the Midrashim. The Mishnah consists of six orders (', singular ' ), each containing 7–12 tractates (', singular ' ; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Each ' is divided into chapters (', singular ') and then paragraphs (', singular '). In this last context, the word ''mishnah'' means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "Mishnayot", for the whole work. Because of the division into six orders, the Mishnah is sometimes called ''Shas'' (an acronym for ''Shisha Sedarim'' – the "six orders"), though that term is more often used for the Talmud as a whole. The six orders are: * ''Zera'im'' ("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates) * ''Mo'ed'' ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates) * ''Nashim'' ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates) * ''Nezikin'' ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates) * ''Kodashim'' ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws (11 tractates) and * ''Tohorot'' ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of food purity and bodily purity (12 tractates). In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest. A popular mnemonic consists of the acronym "Z'MaN NaKaT."〔Ronald L. Eisenberg, "Rabbinic Literature," in ''The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions'' (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004), pp. 499–500.〕 The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. Hillel the Elder organized them into six orders to make it easier to remember. The historical accuracy of this tradition is disputed. There is also a tradition that Ezra the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the Tanakh but 60 esoteric books. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but Makkot was originally part of Sanhedrin, and Bava Kamma, Bava Metzia and Bava Batra may be regarded as subdivisions of a single tractate Nezikin.) Interestingly, Reuvein Margolies (1889–1971) posited that there were originally seven orders of Mishnah, citing a Gaonic tradition on the existence of a seventh order containing the laws of ''Sta"m'' (scribal practice) and Berachot (blessings). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mishnah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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