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Mitma was a policy of forced resettlement employed by the Incas. It involved the forceful migration of groups of extended families or ethnic groups from their home territory to lands recently conquered by the Incas. The objective was to transfer both loyalty to the state and a cultural baggage of Inca culture such as language, technology, economic and other resources into areas that were in transition. The term ''mitma'' is a Quechua word meaning "sprinkle, distribute, spread".〔 (Topónimos del Quechua Yungay ). Retrieved on November 29, 2007.〕 The term comes from the Quechua word "mitmat", which meant “man moved, transported” or “outsider”.〔de Freitas 2009, 154〕 It is related to another Inca word, "mit'a", which means labor taken in turns and is descended from the Quechua verb "mitmay". The Spanish also adopted the term "mit'a", and adapted the word to mean forced native labor during the Spanish colonial rule. 〔Mannheim 1991, 92〕 This policy moved entire communities hundreds of kilometers to create enclaves of settlers called ''mitmaqkuna''. This policy was used over a long period of time in all border regions of the empire. Modern anthropological and linguistic studies suggest that about a quarter to a third of the population of the empire was resettled and is probably the largest single element of the Inca domination.〔Terence D'Altroy 2003, p.248.〕 The strategic and political use of this policy might have also been related to transhumancy, when large herds of llamas, alpacas and vicuñas were managed by the state. The element of political stability is obvious as the new settlements depended on the Incas for defense, supplies and governance. ==Political Use== Because the ethnic Inca were outnumbered by the population they ruled over by 100 to 1, there were many political systems they employed to control their conquered people.〔D'Altroy 2003, 231〕 The mitma policy was one method that involved planned transfers of entire populations to regions that were less developed or had a high degree of rebellions or uprisings.〔de Freitas 2009, 154〕 Provinces that were loyal were moved and resettled in new or hostile territories, while rebellious villages were moved to consolidated regions. 〔Moseley 1992, 10 〕 By using such methods, the ethnic Inca were able to help diminish resistance to the Inca nobility.〔de Freitas 2009, 154〕 Outside of Cuzco, much of the Inca government consisted of Inca officials that supervised a hierarchy of hereditary ethnic lords who were drafted into state service. The mitma system was effective because instead of trying to invent new governments, they just shuffled about existing ethnic groups.〔D'Altroy 2003, 231〕 The Inca kept great tabs on their populace in order to ensure that challenges to their authority did not occur. This included keeping detailed documents, such as a census of the population once they had been resettled.〔D'Altroy 2003, 236〕 Once in their new settlement places, the mitmas participants received land to plant crops and raise livestock, as well as to build houses. By doing this, the Inca allowed mitma populations to reproduce their original social and production structure. 〔de Freitas 2009, 154〕 Another way they kept the population in check was by having strict punishments for lawbreakers. If a resettled person tried to return to his native home, he was tortured. If he attempted to do so a second-time, the offender was executed.〔D'Altroy 2003, 236〕 In addition, the Inca kept resettled elites in check by promoting them to bureaucratic positions in order to keep them dependent on imperial systems and ideologies for their own prestige and status.〔Covey 2000, 120〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mitma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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