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mitzvah
In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word ' (;〔("mitzvah" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 meaning "commandment", , (:mit͡sˈva), Biblical: '; plural ' (:mit͡sˈvot), Biblical: '; from ' "command") refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah at biblical Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. The 613 commandments divided into two categories: 365 negative commandments and 248 positive commandments. According to the Talmud, all moral laws are, or are derived from, divine commandments.
In its secondary meaning, Hebrew ', as with English "commandment", refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty. As such, the term ' has also come to express an act of human kindness. The tertiary meaning of ' also refers to the fulfillment of a '.
The opinions of the Talmudic rabbis are divided between those who seek the purpose of the ' and those who do not question them. The latter argue that if the reason for each ' could be determined, people might try to achieve what they see as the purpose of the ', without actually performing the mitzvah itself ("lishmah"), which would become self-defeating. The former believe that if people were to understand the reason and the purpose for each ', it would actually help them to observe and perform the (some mitzvot are given reasons in the Torah).
==Hebrew Bible==
The feminine noun ' () occurs over 180 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible. The first use is in Genesis where God says that Abraham has "obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments ( '), my statutes, and my laws". In the Septuagint the word is usually translated with ''entole'' ().〔Philip Leroy Culbertson, ''A word fitly spoken'', 1995, p. 73. "See also Lieberman, Texts and Studies, 212, where he shows that the Greek ''entole'' is parallel to ''mitzvah,'' both coming to suggest a particular emphasis on charitable alms."〕 In Second Temple period funeral inscriptions the epithet ''phil-entolos'', "lover of the commandments", was sometimes inscribed on Jewish tombs.〔''The Journal of Jewish studies'' Volume 51, 2000 "Note, however, by way of example, the funerary epithet philentolos (lover of the commandments), coined from the stock LXX word for commandment, ''entole'' (Heb. ''mitzvah''), and the LXX allusions in that most favoured of all Romano-Jewish ..."〕 Other words are also used in Hebrew for commands and statutes, for example the Ten Commandments (עשרת הדיברות) are the "Ten Words".〔Mark Rooker, ''The Ten Commandments: Ethics for the Twenty-First Century'', 2010, p. 3. "The Significance of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament" The Ten Commandments are literally the “Ten Words” (aseret haddebarêm) in Hebrew. The use of the term dabar, “word”, in this phrase distinguishes these laws from the rest of ..."〕
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