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Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped Modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.〔Pericles Lewis, ''Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000). pp 38–39.〕〔"() Joyce's ''Ulysses'' is a comedy not divine, ending, like Dante's, in the vision of a God whose will is our peace, but human all-too-human...." Peter Faulkner, ''Modernism'' (Taylor & Francis, 1990). p 60.〕 Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to "Make it new!" was the touchstone of the movement's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the stream-of-consciousness novel, atonal (or pantonal) and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art, all had precursors in the 19th century. A notable characteristic of Modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc.〔Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991). ISBN 0-15-503770-6. p. 953.〕 Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism〔〔〔 and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody.〔〔〔 Some commentators define Modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines.〔Everdell, William, ''The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origin of Twentieth-Century Thought''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, ISBN 0226224805.〕 More common, especially in the West, are those who see it as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology.〔"In the twentieth century, the social processes that bring this maelstrom into being, and keep it in a state of perpetual becoming, have come to be called 'modernization'. These world-historical processes have nourished an amazing variety of visions and ideas that aim to make men and women the subjects as well as the objects of modernization, to give them the power to change the world that is changing them, to make their way through the maelstrom and make it their own. Over the past century, these visions and values have come to be loosely grouped together under the name of 'modernism' " (Berman 1988, 16).〕 From this perspective, Modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was 'holding back' progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end. Others focus on Modernism as an aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of specific reactions to the use of technology in the First World War, and anti-technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) to Samuel Beckett (1906–1989).〔Lee Oser, ''The Ethics of Modernism: Moral ideas in Yeats, Eliot, Joyce, Woolf and Beckett'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007); F.J. Marker & C.D. Innes, ''Modernism in European Drama: Ibsen, Stringdberg, Pirandello, Beckett''; Morag Shiach, "Situating Samuel Beckett", pp. 234-247– in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Modernist Novel'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007); Kathryne V. Lindberg, ''Reading Pound Reading: Modernism After Nietzsche'' (Oxford University Press, 1987); Pericles Lewis, ''The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007). pp. 21.〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「modernism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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