|
In Indian religions and Indian philosophy, ''moksha'' ((サンスクリット:मोक्ष) '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'',〔(''The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism'', ''vimoksha'' )〕 means emancipation, liberation or release.〔John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192139658, pp. 650〕 In the soteriological and eschatological sense, it connotes freedom from ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth. In the epistemological and psychological sense, moksha connotes freedom, self-realization and self-knowledge.〔See: * E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, ISBN 0-8153-3608-X, Taylor and Francis, pp 343-360; * T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, ISBN 978-0739106921, pp 89-102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."; * Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.), ISBN 978-0791446157, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10〕 In Hindu traditions, ''moksha'' is a central concept〔John Tomer (2002), Human well-being: a new approach based on overall and ordinary functionings, Review of Social Economy, 60(1), pp 23-45; Quote - "The ultimate aim of Hindus is self-liberation or self-realization (moksha)."〕 and included as one of the four aspects and goals of human life; the other three goals are ''dharma'' (virtuous, proper, moral life), ''artha'' (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and ''kama'' (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment).〔See: * A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, ISBN 9789993624318, pp 9-12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140-142; * A. Sharma (1999), (The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism ), The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223-256; * Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, ISBN 0-415-17281-0, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443; * The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925), (The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ), University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8〕 Together, these four aims of life are called Puruṣārtha in Hinduism.〔See: * Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring, ISBN 978-1896209302, pp 11-21; * Karl H. Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807792, pp. 1-29〕 The concept of ''moksha'' is found in Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. In some schools of Indian religions, ''moksha'' is considered equivalent to and used interchangeably with other terms such as ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', ''kaivalya'', ''apavarga'', ''mukti'', ''nihsreyasa'' and ''nirvana''.〔The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: "Vimoksha () (Skt.; Jpn. ''gedatsu''). Emancipation, release, or liberation. The Sanskrit words vimukti, mukti, and moksha also have the same meaning. Vimoksha means release from the bonds of earthly desires, delusion, suffering, and transmigration. While Buddhism sets forth various kinds and stages of emancipation, or enlightenment, the supreme emancipation is nirvana, a state of perfect quietude, freedom, and deliverance. See (''The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism'', ''vimoksha'' )〕 However, terms such as moksha and nirvana differ and mean different states between various schools of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.〔See: * Loy, David (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23 (1), pp 65–74; * T. Chatterjea (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, ISBN 978-0739106921, pp 89; Quote - "In different philosophical systems moksa appears in different names, such as apavarga, nihsreyasa, nirvana, kaivalya, mukti, etc. These concepts differ from one another in detail."〕 The term nirvana is more common in Buddhism,〔Peter Harvey (2013), An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, ISBN 978-0521859424, Cambridge University Press〕 while moksha is more prevalent in Hinduism.〔Knut Jacobsen, in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0, pp 74-83〕 == Etymology == ''Moksha'' is derived from the root mu(n)c ((サンスクリット:मुच्)), which means free, let go, release, liberate.〔(मुच ) Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Germany (2008)〕〔Sten Rohde, Deliver us from Evil: studies on the Vedic ideas of salvation, Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 25-35〕 In Vedas and early Upanishads, the word mucyate ((サンスクリット:मुच्यते))〔 appears, which means to be set free or release - such as of a horse from its harness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「moksha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|