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mongoloid
Mongoloid 〔''Mongoloid.'' (2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012, from (link ).〕〔For a contrast with the "Europoid" or Caucasian race see footnote #4 of page 58-59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.〕 is the general physical type of some or all of the populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Eastern Russia, the Arctic, the Americas, parts of the Pacific Islands, and parts of South Asia and West Asia. Individuals within these populations often share certain associated phenotypic traits, such as epicanthic folds (epicanthus), sinodonty and neoteny.
The term "mongoloid" was introduced by early ethnology primarily to describe various central and East Asian populations, one of the proposed three major races (Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid) of humanity. Although some forensic anthropologists and other scientists continue to use the term in some contexts (such as criminal justice), the term mongoloid is now considered derogatory by most anthropologists due to both its association with disputed typological models of racial classification and the connotations of its independent use in reference to Down Syndrome and associated intellectual disabilities.〔Keevak, Michael. "Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-691-14031-5.〕
==Global population==
In 1856, the "Mongolian" race, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malay" or the "American" races, was the second most populous race in the world behind the Caucasian race.〔Warren, D.M. (1856). A System of Physical Geography. Philadelphia: H. Cowperthwait & Co. pp. 77.〕 In 1881, the Mongoloid race, using a broad definition which included both Malays and indigenous Americans, was the most populous race on Earth,〔Winchell, A. (1881). Preadamites; or A Demonstration of the Existance of Men Before Adam; (3rd ed.). Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Company; London: Trubner & Co. pp. 57.〕 and it was still the most populous race on Earth in the year 1892, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malayan" or the "American" races.〔Berg, M. & Wendt, S. (2014). ''Racism in the Modern World: Historical Perspectives on Cultural Transfer and Adaptation''. Berghahn Books. pp. 239. ISBN 978-1-78238-086-3〕 In 1994, the Mongoloid race, using a broad definition which included indigenous Americans, comprised 34% of the Earth's human population which made it the second most populous race behind Caucasoids who comprised 56% of the Earth's human population at that time.〔Robbins, C.R. (1994). ''Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair (3rd ed.)''. New York: Springer Science. pp. 328. ISBN 978-1-4757-3898-8〕
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