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mormaer
In early medieval Scotland, a mormaer was the Gaelic name for a regional or provincial ruler, theoretically second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a ''toisech'' (chieftain). Mormaers were equivalent to English earls or Continental counts, and the term is often translated into English as 'earl'.
==Origin==
The etymology is variously debated as "Great Steward" (incorporating Gaelic and Picto-Latin), or "Sea Lord" (perhaps defenders against Vikings). Historians do not know if the institution was Gaelic or Pictish. It is notable ''mormaer'' occurs ''only'' in the post-Pictish period, so it is difficult to sustain any argument for Pictish origins. There is also debate whether ''mormaer'' was simply the east-coast equivalent of ''kinglet'' (Gaelic: ''ruirí'' or ''rí''). For the earliest periods, there is uncertainty about the exact difference between a ''mormaer'' and a ''toisech'' (Modern Scottish Gaelic 'chief'). The earliest Scottish Latin sources use ''thanus'' (thane) for ''toisech''. This word was adopted from the Anglo-Saxon lands to the south. It is possible ''thanus'', ''comes'', ''mormaer'' and ''toisech'' all originally meant similar things, or at least were not part of a stratified hierarchy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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