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murder
Murder is the killing of another person without justification or valid excuse, and it is especially the unlawful killing of another person with malice aforethought.〔''(West's Encyclopedia of American Law )'', (2d ed., The Gale Group, 2008): "The unlawful killing of another human being without justification or excuse." Via thefreedictionary.com. Accessed 2015-05-06.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Merriam-Webster )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=TheFreeDictionary.com )〕 This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter.
Most societies, from ancient to modern, have considered murder a very serious crime deserving harsh punishment for purposes of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, or incapacitation. There are many reasons why murder has been criminalized, including its costs to society as well as being considered intrinsically wrong.〔Crump, David et al. ''Criminal Law: Cases, Materials, and Lawyering Strategies'', p. (425 ) (2010).〕 For example, murder may be considered intrinsically wrong because it violates a right to life or is oppressive; murder may be costly to society by undermining law and order, by squandering potential accomplishments of the victims, by risking escalation of violence, or by spreading fear and grief.〔
In most countries, a person convicted of murder is typically given a long prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted. In some countries, the death penalty may be imposed for such an act – though this practice is becoming less common.
==Etymology==
The modern English word "murder" descends from the Proto-Indo-European "mrtró" which meant "to die".〔Bynon, Theodora. ''Historical Linguistics'', (62 ) (1977).〕 The Middle English ''mordre'' is a noun from Anglo-Saxon ''morðor'' and Old French ''murdre''. Middle English ''mordre'' is a verb from Anglo-Saxon ''myrdrian'' and the Middle English noun.〔Geoffrey Chaucer, Neilson and Patch, Eds. (1921) ''(Selections from Chaucer )'', Harcourt, Brace, p. 469.〕
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