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myokine
A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by muscle cells (myocytes) in response to muscular contractions.〔Bente Klarlund Pedersen , Thorbjörn C. A. Åkerström , Anders R. Nielsen , Christian P. Fischer. "Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism." Journal of Applied Physiology | Published 1 September 2007 Vol. 103no. 1093-1098DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007〕 They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects; their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.〔Pedersen BK; Febbraio MA. "Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ." Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8(8): 457-465.〕〔Pedersen BK. "Muscle as a secretory organ." American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 3:1337-1362, 2013. http://www.inflammation-metabolism.dk/index.php?pageid=21&pmid=23897689〕
Receptors for myokines are found on muscle, fat, liver, pancreas, bone, heart, immune, and brain cells. The location of these receptors explain the fact that myokines have multiple functions. Foremost, they are involved in exercise-associated metabolic changes, as well as in the metabolic changes following training adaptation.〔 They also participate in tissue regeneration and repair, maintenance of healthy bodily functioning, immunomodulation; and cell signaling, expression and differentiation.〔
==History==
The present definition of the term myokine is attributed to Dr. Bente Klarlund Pedersen et al., who suggested its use in 2003.〔Pedersen, B. K. et al. Searching for the exercise factor: is IL‑6 a candidate? J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 24, 113–119 (2003).〕
In 2008, the first myokine, myostatin, was identified.〔〔Allen DL, Cleary AS, Speaker KJ, Lindsay SF, Uyenishi J, Reed JM, MaddenMC, MehanRS. "Myostatin, activin receptor IIb, and follistatinlike-3 gene expression are altered in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese mice." Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294: E918-E927, 2008.〕 The gp130 receptor cytokine IL-6 (Interleukin 6) was the first myokine found to be secreted into the blood stream in response to muscle contractions.〔Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. "Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6." Physiol Rev 88: 1379-1406, 2008.〕
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