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The Neanderthal or Neandertal , also -, --, -, -)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Neanderthal )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neanderthal )〕 (named after the Neandertal area) was a species of human in the genus ''Homo'' that became extinct between 41,000 and 39,000 years ago. They were closely related to modern humans,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =Ancient DNA and Neanderthals )〕 differing in DNA by just 0.12%. Remains left by Neanderthals include bone and stone tools, which are found in Eurasia, from Western Europe to Central and Northern Asia and the Middle East. The Neanderthal is generally classified by biologists as the species ''Homo neanderthalensis'', but a minority considers them to be a subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' (''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''). Several cultural assemblages have been linked to the Neanderthals in Europe. The earliest, the Mousterian stone tool culture, dates to about 300,000 years ago.〔Skinner, A., B. Blackwell, R. Long, M.R. Seronie-Vivien, A.-M. Tillier and J. Blickstein; New ESR dates for a new bone-bearing layer at Pradayrol, Lot, France; Paleoanthropology Society March 28, 2007〕 Late Mousterian artifacts were found in Gorham's Cave on the south-facing coast of Gibraltar.〔Outside Europe, Mousterian tools were made by both Neanderthals and early modern ''Homo sapiens''. (Donald Johanson & Blake Edgar (2006) ''From Lucy to Language'', Simon & Schuster, p. 272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VKEjAbpggcC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT2720&focus=viewport&vq=Mousterian+tools&dq=From+Lucy+to+Language+%22Mousterian+tools%22#v=onepage&q=Mousterian%20tools&f=false)〕 Neanderthals were large compared to Homo sapiens because they inhabited higher latitudes, in conformance with Bergmann's rule, and their larger stature explains their larger brain size because brain size generally increases with body size. With an average cranial capacity of 1600 cm3,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =Neanderthal man )〕 the cranial capacity of Neanderthals is notably larger than the 1400 cm3 average for modern humans, indicating that their brain size was larger. Males stood and females tall. A 2008 study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig suggested Neanderthals probably did not interbreed with anatomically modern humans, while the Neanderthal genome project published in 2010 and 2014 suggests that Neanderthals did contribute to the DNA of modern humans, including most non-Africans as well as a few African populations, through interbreeding, likely between 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.〔〔Brahic, Catherine. ("Humanity's forgotten return to Africa revealed in DNA" ), ''The New Scientist'' (February 3, 2014).〕 In December 2013, researchers reported evidence that Neanderthals practiced burial behavior and intentionally buried their dead. In addition, scientists reported having sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal for the first time. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 50,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.〔http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/neanderthal-genes-found-in-modern-humans/2014/01/29/f7f81852-8774-11e3-a5bd-844629433ba3_story.html〕 ==Name== The species is named after one of the first sites where its fossils were discovered in the 19th-century, about east of Düsseldorf, Germany, in the Feldhofer Cave, located at the Düssel River's Neander valley.〔The valley is named after Joachim Neander, whose Greek last name coincidentally means "new man" in English. ''See'' Kunzig, Robert. ("The Year in Science: Human Origins 1997" ), ''Discover (magazine)'' (January 1, 1998) reprinted in ''(Contemporary Readings in Physical Anthropology )'', p. 145 (Alan Almquist ed., Prentice Hall, 2000).〕 ''Thal'' is the older spelling of the German word ''Tal'' (with the same pronunciation), which means "valley" (cognate with English ''dale'').〔Foley, Tim. TalkOrigins Archive. "(Neanderthal or Neandertal? )". 2005.〕 Neanderthal 1 was known as the "Neanderthal cranium" or "Neanderthal skull" in anthropological literature, and the individual reconstructed on the basis of the skull was occasionally called "the Neanderthal man". The binomial name ''Homo neanderthalensis''extending the name "Neanderthal man" from the individual type specimen to the entire specieswas first proposed by the Anglo-Irish geologist William King in 1864, although that same year King changed his mind and thought that the Neanderthal fossil was distinct enough from humans to warrant a separate genus. Nevertheless, King's name had priority over the proposal put forward in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, ''Homo stupidus''.〔 The practice of referring to "the Neanderthals" and "a Neanderthal" emerged in the popular literature of the 1920s.〔''Inter alia'', ''Boys' Life'', (p. 18 ). January 1924.〕 The German pronunciation of ''Neanderthaler'' and ''Neandertaler'' is in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In British English, "Neanderthal" is pronounced with the /t/ as in German but different vowels (IPA: ).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries—Find pronunciation, clear meanings and definitions of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com )〕 In layman's American English, "Neanderthal" is pronounced with a /θ/ (the voiceless ''th'' as in ''thin'') and /ɔ/ instead of the longer British /aː/ (IPA: ), although scientists typically use the /t/ as in German. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「neanderthal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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